Table 2.
Adjusted associations of depression, CIND and dementiaa at baseline with odds of ischemic stroke
| Adjusted for demographics (n = 7,021) |
Adjusted for demographics and comorbid conditions (n = 7,021) |
Adjusted for demographics, comorbid conditions and health-risk behaviors (n = 6,969) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
|
| |||
| Depression alone | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.38) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.38) |
| CIND alone | 1.39 (1.13, 1.71)† | 1.39 (1.13, 1.72)† | 1.37 (1.11, 1.69)† |
| Dementia alone | 1.09 (0.82, 1.45) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.43) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.44) |
|
Co-occurring depression
and CIND |
1.76 (1.33, 2.32)‡ | 1.69 (1.27, 2.23)‡ | 1.65 (1.24, 2.18)‡ |
|
Co-occurring depression
and dementia |
1.25 (0.89, 1.76) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.65) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.65) |
| Age | |||
| 65-74 | 1.45 (0.99, 2.12) | 1.46 (0.99, 2.14) | 1.53 (1.03, 2.26)* |
| 75-84 | 1.91 (1.30, 2.80)† | 1.88 (1.28,2.77)† | 1.99 (1.34, 2.97)† |
| ≥ 85 | 2.15 (1.42, 3.25)‡ | 2.15 (1.41, 3.26)‡ | 2.28 (1.48, 3.51)‡ |
| Female | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97)* | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97)* | 0.84 (0.71, 0.99)* |
| Non-white | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.38) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) |
| < High school graduate | 0.99 (0.84, 1.16) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) |
| Single/separated/widowed | 1.17 (1.00, 1.38) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.39) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) |
| Dual Medicare-Medicaid | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.84 (0.57, 1.25) | 0.86 (0.58, 1.28) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.57 (1.17, 2.11)† | 1.57 (1.17, 2.11)† | |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.87 (0.65, 1.18) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) | |
| Valvular disease | 1.18 (0.83, 1.69) | 1.18 (0.82, 1.69) | |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 0.77 (0.39, 1.52) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.56) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.42 (1.01, 2.00)* | 1.42 (1.01, 2.00)* | |
| Other neurological disorders | 0.55 (0.34, 0.87)* | 0.56 (0.35, 0.89)* | |
| Diabetes without chronic complications |
1.34 (1.00, 1.78) | 1.35 (1.01, 1.80)* | |
| Diabetes with chronic complications |
1.08 (0.63, 1.82) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.83) | |
| Coagulopathy | 1.57 (0.89, 2.76) | 1.59 (0.91, 2.80) | |
| Hypertension | 1.22 (0.99, 1.50) | 1.23 (1.00, 1.52) | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| 1 drink/day | 1.04 (0.83, 1.31) | ||
| 2 drinks/day | 1.06 (0.78, 1.44) | ||
| 3 drinks/day | 0.73 (0.39, 1.34) | ||
| ≥ 4 drinks/day | 1.60 (0.98, 2.62) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| Former smoker | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | ||
| Current smoker | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) | ||
Abbreviation: CIND = cognitive impairment without dementia.
*
P < 0.05
†
P < 0.01
‡
P < 0.001
a
The comparison group for analyses of the association of depression, CIND or dementia with odds of ischemic stroke is those subjects with no disorder