Table 1.
Anthropometry, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, and Baseline Cortisol Concentrations and Cardiosympathetic Parameters in OGDM, Controls, and ODF Who Participated in the TSST-C at Age 13.5 y
| OGDM | P1 | Controls | P2 | ODF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 26 | 165 | 22 | ||
| Age, ya | 13.5 (0.1) | .8 | 13.6 (0.1) | .2 | 13.5 (0.1) |
| Boys/girls, n (%)a | 8/18 (31/69%) | .03 | 89/76 (54/46%) | .7 | 11/11 (50/50%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.1 (3.4) | <.001 | 17.4 (2.6) | .6 | 17.5 (2.5) |
| Height, cm | 154.9 (7.6) | .5 | 154.1 (7.4) | .8 | 154.9 (7.0) |
| Subscapular skinfolds, mm | 17.4 (14.3, 25.3) | <.001 | 12.1 (8.2, 15.8) | .4 | 9.8 (8.1, 20.0) |
| Fat% | 26.4 (8.0) | .02 | 21.3 (7.5) | .8 | 22.1 (7.6) |
| Overweight/obesity, n (%) | 8 (30.8%) | .008 | 15 (9.1%) | .5 | 1 (4.5%) |
| Physical activity, counts/min | 447.5 (150.6) | .6 | 470.3 (176.4) | .1 | 413.3 (124.7) |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 2426 (658) | .7 | 2561 (844) | .7 | 2565 (1150) |
| Fat intake, g/d | 77 (30) | .8 | 82 (33) | .8 | 77 (41) |
| Protein intake, g/d | 58 (18) | .9 | 59 (20) | .6 | 60 (26) |
| Socioeconomic status, scorea | 38.5 (6.7) | 1.0 | 38.6 (6.7) | .6 | 39.3 (5.9) |
| Maternal GAUC, mmol | 1708 (545) | <.001 | 1121 (149) | .8 | 1115 (167) |
| Maternal IAUC, pmol | 80 404 (35 782) | .001 | 58 018 (30 633) | 1.0 | 59 230 (40 832) |
| Resting parameters | |||||
| Systolic BP, mm Hgb | 110.5 (8.1) | .1 | 109.0 (8.3) | .1 | 111.5 (8.0) |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hgb | 61.7 (6.5) | .3 | 61.4 (7.0) | .4 | 62.3 (7.0) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.83 (0.4) | .9 | 0.82 (0.4) | .3 | 0.91 (0.4) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.7 (0.7) | .3 | 3.6 (0.6) | .3 | 3.4 (0.6) |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.08 (0.2) | .7 | 1.10 (0.2) | .3 | 1.03 (0.3) |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.1 (0.4) | .7 | 5.1 (0.5) | .6 | 5.0 (0.5) |
| Insulin, pmol/L | 54.3 (37.0, 73.3) | .02 | 42.5 (30.7, 53.2) | .09 | 49.6 (38.9, 63.5) |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) | .02 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.0) | .1 | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) |
| TSST-C parameters | |||||
| Cortisol concentrations, ng/mL | 5.9 (5.2, 8.3) | .6 | 6.6 (4.6, 9.1) | .2 | 7.9 (7.1, 9.0) |
| Systolic BP, mm Hgc | 101.2 (9.3) | .6 | 100.1 (11.9) | .02 | 106.3 (12.1) |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hgc | 68.6 (5.9) | .9 | 69.1 (8.0) | .003 | 74.3 (7.6) |
| Heart rate, bpm | 106.7 (13.9) | .7 | 107.1 (12.1) | .4 | 109.5 (13.0) |
| Cardiac output, L/mind | 4.8 (0.9) | .8 | 4.6 (0.8) | .8 | 4.6 (0.7) |
| Stroke volume, mLd | 45.6 (8.1) | .7 | 43.1 (7.9) | .8 | 42.9 (7.8) |
| TPR, dyn·s/cm5d | 1414 (208) | .8 | 1494 (305) | .1 | 1565 (220) |
Abbreviation: HDL, high-density lipoprotein. Values are expressed as mean (SD), median (IQR), or number (percentage). P1 is for the difference between OGDM and controls; P2 is for the difference between ODF and controls.
a
Unadjusted P values.
b
Resting BP, measured using automated BP machine at the arm level in sitting position.
c
TSST-C BP, measured over 5 minutes using finger cuff, in standing position.
d
Current weight.