Table 2.

Association Between Parents' Diabetes Status and Offspring Cardiovascular Responses to Stress

	Public Speaking				Mental Arithmetic
	Systolic BP, mm Hg	Cardiac Output, L/min	Stroke Volume, mL	TPR, dyn·s/cm5	Systolic BP, mm Hg	Cardiac Output, L/min	Stroke Volume, mL	TPR, dyn·s/cm5
Maternal GDM
Model 1
β (95% CI)	5.96 (2.10, 9.82)	0.49 (0.26, 0.72)	3.98 (2.00, 5.97)	−114 (−220, −9)	5.23 (1.37, 9.10)	0.50 (0.27, 0.73)	4.10 (2.12, 6.09)	−136 (−241, −30)
P	.002	<.001	<.001	.03	.008	<.001	<.001	.01
Model 2
β (95% CI)	5.96 (2.10, 9.82)	0.49 (0.26, 0.72)	3.98 (2.00, 5.97)	−114 (−220, −9)	5.23 (1.37, 9.10)	0.50 (0.27, 0.73)	4.10 (2.12, 6.09)	−136 (−241, −30)
P	.002	<.001	<.001	.03	.008	<.001	<.001	.01
Paternal diabetes
Model 1
β (95% CI)	4.70 (0.54, 8.85)	0.09 (−0.16, 0.34)	0.09 (−2.05, 2.22)	97 (−17, 211)	3.47 (−0.68, 7.62)	0.15 (−0.10, 0.40)	0.22 (−1.92, 2.35)	−1 (−115, 112)
P	.03	.5	.9	.09	.1	.2	.8	1.0
Model 2
β (95% CI)	4.70 (0.54, 8.84)	0.09 (−0.16, 0.34)	0.09 (−2.05, 2.22)	97 (−17, 211)	3.47 (−0.68, 7.62)	0.15 (−0.10, 0.40)	0.22 (−1.92, 2.35)	−1 (−115, 112)
P	.03	.5	.9	.09	.1	.2	.8	1.0

The beat-to-beat outcome values were averaged over 5 minutes for baseline, story, mental arithmetic, and immediate post-stressor periods for analysis; β and P values were derived using linear mixed-model analysis, with offspring outcomes as the continuous variable and parental diabetes status as “yes/no” categories. β represents unit change in the outcome variable in the OGDM/ODF from baseline in excess of that in controls. Model 1 was adjusted for children's age and sex; model 2 represents model 1 + socioeconomic status and children's current weight.