Table 2.

Muscle performance and functional performance measures.

Biodex Muscle Performance Measures
Variable	Controls (N=22)	DM (N=10)	DMPN (N=47)	F-statistic P-value	Post-Hoc
PF peak torque 60/sec (Nm)	61±27	43±9	47±16	p=.02*	+(p=.01) #(p=.02)
PF power 60/sec (Watts)	48±23	35±8	39±16	p=.06
PF work 60/sec (Nm)	37±16	30±16	26±12	p=.21
PF peak torque 120/sec	56±22	46±11	41±14	p=.07
PF torque per unit muscle volume (Nm/cm3)	.24±.11	.17±.06	.23±.09	p=.18
PF power 120/sec	94±30	64±19	64±24	p=.02*	+ (p=.01) # (p=.02)
DF peak torque 60/sec	12±19	14±8	5±7	p=.01*	+(p=.02) ^(p=.02)
DF power 60/sec	8±15	9±7	3±5	p=.04*	+ (p=.03)
DF torque per unit muscle volume	.18±.24	.22±.16	.09±.11	p=.02*	+(p=.04) ^(p=.01)

Functional Performance Measures**
Variable	Controls (N=10)	DM (N=10)	DMPN (N=18)	F-statistic P-value	Post-Hoc
9-item PPT (total score)	34±1	32±2	29±4	p=.003*	+(p=.002)
Chair Rise Time (seconds)	12±2	14±2	18±6	p=.004*∇	+(p=.002)
Single Leg Balance (seconds)	14±12	22±12	10±9	p=.035*	^(p=.02)
6 minute walk (meters)	1681±160	1467±274	1396±323	p=.03*	+(p=.03)
Coin Pickup Time (seconds)	1.9±.4	2.5±.9	3.2±1	p=.01*∇	+(p=.002)
Stair Power (Watts)	809±327	660±176	633±219	p=.18
Stair Climb Time (1-flight seconds)	4±1	5±2	6±2	p=.05*∇	+(p=.01)
50 ft walk time (seconds)	10±1	11±2	12±2	p=.03*	+(p=.02)

Participant demographics were compared across groups using 1-way ANOVA.

^*denotes significant F-test indicating difference between groups,

^∇denotes Games-Howell post-hoc for violation of homogeneity of variance.

The following symbols represent post-hoc pairwise comparisons:

^{^}(between T2DM and T2DMPN),

⁺(between T2DMPN and Controls),

^#(between T2DM and controls).

^**(These analysis performed on a subgroup of 38 participants who completed these measures- see section 2 and 2.4.1–2.4.4).