Table 5. Statistical tests on reading time measures in the posttarget region.
| Effect | First-fixation duration
|
FP reading times
|
FP regressions out
|
Go-past time
|
Total time
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects | Items | Subjects | Items | Subjects | Items | Subjects | Items | Subjects | Items | |
| Native language group | 4.74 (25558)* | 26.39 (914380)** | 15.29 (989459)** | 64.87 (2680416)** | 20.35 (0.98)** | 46.66 (2.77)** | 19.34 (5787002)** | 54.48 (16539720) ** | 25.01 (14105830)** | 139.40 (44174688)** |
| English vs. Arabic | 3.99** | 6.81** | 5.82** | 10.95** | 3.17** | 4.53** | 5.53** | 9.88** | 7.86** | 14.86** |
| English vs. Mandarin | 1.65 | 2.44* | 3.78** | 6.78** | 5.99** | 8.49** | 4.96** | 8.44** | 6.48** | 16.22** |
| Arabic vs. Mandarin | 2.61* | 5.16** | 2.67* | 5.27** | 3.23** | 5.15** | 1.97, p = .06 | 3.07** | 2.65* | 5.13** |
| Gramm. condition | 1.02(1319) | 1.08 (44447) | 2.90(19733), p = .06 | 1.59(5515.48) | 15.90 (0.46)** | 18.22 (1.08)** | 2.83 (299075)* | 2.24 (679931), p = .06 | 10.14 (1094155)** | 10.28 (32567167)** |
| Noun–adjective vs. grammatical | 1.46 | 1.81 | <1 | <1 | 5.73** | 5.86** | 4.44** | 3.75** | <1 | <1 |
| Noun–article vs. grammatical | <1 | 1.32 | 2.19* | 1.38 | 3.55** | 3.67** | 2.39* | 1.79 | 3.98** | 3.51** |
| Noun–adjective vs. noun–article | <1 | <1 | 1.94, p = .06 | <1 | 2.05* | 1.87, p = .06 | 2.78** | 2.11* | 4.10** | 3.21** |
| Native Language × Gramm. Condition | <1 | <1 | 1.33 (9059) | <1 | 1.91 (0.06) | 2.70 (0.16)* | 2.83 (299075)* | 2.24 (679931), p =.06 | 1.27 (137245) | 1.89 (598539) |
| Native English | ||||||||||
| Noun–adjective vs. grammatical | <1 | 1.02 | <1 | <1 | 2.25* | 2.20* | 1.04 | 1.25 | <1 | <1 |
| Noun–article vs. grammatical | <1 | 1.07 | 2.64* | 1.47 | 1.35 | 1.14 | <1 | <1 | 3.32** | 3.63** |
| Noun–adjective vs. noun–article | <1 | <1 | 2.50* | 1.60 | <1 | <1 | 2.35* | 1.37 | 2.58* | 2.94** |
| Native Arabic | ||||||||||
| Noun–adjective vs. grammatical | <1 | <1 | 1.58 | 1.09 | 5.35** | 4.01** | 2.85* | 1.83 | <1 | <1 |
| Noun–article vs. grammatical | <1 | <1 | 1.29 | 1.31 | 2.33* | 1.90, p =.06 | 1.02 | <1 | 2.78* | 3.60** |
| Noun–adjective vs. noun–article | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 2.23* | 1.49 | 2.13, p =.05 | 1.78 | 2.49* | 2.31* |
| Native Mandarin | ||||||||||
| Noun–adjective vs. grammatical | 1.57 | 1.49 | <1 | <1 | 3.80** | 4.76** | 3.73** | 4.87** | <1 | <1 |
| Noun–article vs. grammatical | <1 | 1.00 | <1 | <1 | 2.61* | 3.39** | 3.17* | 3.40** | 1.91 | 1.61 |
| Noun–adjective vs. noun–article | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1.18 | 1.31 | <1 | <1 | 3.08** | 2.69** |
Note: Values represent F-test statistics for main effects and interactions with mean square errors in parentheses, and t-test statistics for pair-wise comparisons, FP = first-pass; gramm. = grammatical.
*
p <.05.
**
p <.01.