Table 2.
Main effects of time, group, and time*group interaction within and between the two groups on various outcome scales
| Variables | Active group (mean ± SD) | Sham group (mean ± SD) | Effect | Huynh Feldt F | p | Partial eta squared | Observed power | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHRS | ||||||||
| Frequency | Baseline | 3.50 ± 0.89 | 2.80 ± 0.90 | Time | 112.71 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 2.35 ± 0.81 | 1.95 ± 1.10 | Group | 1.03 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.17 | |
| 2 weeks | 1.05 ± 1.10 | 1.00 ± 1.10 | Group*time | 2.04 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.60 | |
| 4 weeks | 0.75 ± 0.97 | 0.70 ± 0.86 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 0.80 ± 1.20 | 0.70 ± 0.92 | ||||||
| Duration | Baseline | 2.75 ± 0.85 | 2.35 ± 0.75 | Time | 116.02 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 1.80 ± 0.83 | 1.45 ± 0.69 | Group | 1.22 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.19 | |
| 2 weeks | 0.80 ± 0.77 | 0.70 ± 0.66 | Group*time | 0.89 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.28 | |
| 4 weeks | 0.65 ± 0.88 | 0.60 ± 0.75 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 0.60 ± 0.99 | 0.40 ± 0.50 | ||||||
| Location | Baseline | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 3.85 ± 0.73 | Time | 40.08 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 3.70 ± 0.73 | 3.45 ± 0.94 | Group | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.01 | 0.10 | |
| 2 weeks | 2.30 ± 1.95 | 2.20 ± 1.88 | Group*time | 0.10 | 0.93 | 0.003 | 0.07 | |
| 4 weeks | 1.80 ± 2.04 | 1.45 ± 1.70 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 1.60 ± 2.01 | 1.25 ± 1.65 | ||||||
| Loudness | Baseline | 2.60 ± 0.68 | 2.15 ± 0.75 | Time | 111.28 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 1.70 ± 0.66 | 1.35 ± 0.67 | Group | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.14 | |
| 2 weeks | 0.75 ± 0.72 | 0.85 ± 0.88 | Group*time | 2.72 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.74 | |
| 4 weeks | 0.55 ± 0.69 | 0.60 ± 0.75 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 0.45 ± 0.60 | 0.45 ± 0.60 | ||||||
| Origin of voices | Baseline | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | Time | 40.59 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 3.75 ± 0.91 | Group | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.00 | 0.05 | |
| 2 weeks | 2.30 ± 1.95 | 2.20 ± 1.94 | Group*time | 0.15 | 0.88 | 0.004 | 0.07 | |
| 4 weeks | 1.65 ± 1.93 | 1.80 ± 2.04 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 1.45 ± 1.88 | 1.45 ± 1.88 | ||||||
| Amount of negative content | Baseline | 2.75 ± 0.77 | 2.50 ± 0.76 | Time | 58.77 | <0.001 | 0.61 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 2.25 ± 0.85 | 2.10 ± 0.91 | Group | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.10 | |
| 2 weeks | 1.30 ± 1.26 | 1.05 ± 1.15 | Group*time | 0.15 | 0.92 | 0.004 | 0.08 | |
| 4 weeks | 0.95 ± 1.23 | 0.90 ± 1.21 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 0.80 ± 1.20 | 0.60 ± 0.99 | ||||||
| Degree of negative content | Baseline | 2.65 ± 1.14 | 2.30 ± 1.03 | Time | 36.28 | <0.001 | 0.49 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 2.15 ± 1.04 | 1.65 ± 1.04 | Group | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.14 | |
| 2 weeks | 1.15 ± 1.31 | 1.10 ± 1.25 | Group*time | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.01 | 0.14 | |
| 4 weeks | 1.05 ± 1.47 | 0.80 ± 1.11 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 0.80 ± 1.32 | 0.60 ± 0.99 | ||||||
| Amount of distress | Baseline | 2.95 ± 0.83 | 2.55 ± 0.76 | Time | 78.57 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 2.15 ± 0.99 | 1.75 ± 0.97 | Group | 0.73 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.13 | |
| 2 weeks | 1.10 ± 1.25 | 1.00 ± 0.97 | Group*time | 0.72 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.20 | |
| 4 weeks | 0.80 ± 1.11 | 0.70 ± 0.92 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 0.60 ± 0.99 | 0.55 ± 0.83 | ||||||
| Intensity of distress | Baseline | 2.45 ± 0.95 | 2.20 ± 0.89 | Time | 78.35 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 1.75 ± 0.72 | 1.40 ± 0.82 | Group | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.14 | |
| 2 weeks | 0.85 ± 0.88 | 0.75 ± 0.71 | Group*time | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.01 | 0.13 | |
| 4 weeks | 0.70 ± 0.92 | 0.55 ± 0.69 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 0.50 ± 0.83 | 0.45 ± 0.60 | ||||||
| Disruption | Baseline | 3.40 ± 0.88 | 0.88 ± 0.56 | Time | 120.81 | <0.001 | 0.76 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 2.55 ± 0.94 | 2.05 ± 0.76 | Group | 0.64 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.12 | |
| 2 weeks | 1.20 ± 1.20 | 1.20 ± 1.15 | Group*time | 1.42 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.37 | |
| 4 weeks | 0.90 ± 1.12 | 0.80 ± 1.05 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 0.65 ± 0.93 | 0.65 ± 0.93 | ||||||
| Control | Baseline | 3.95 ± 0.22 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | Time | 33.72 | <0.001 | 0.47 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 3.95 ± 0.22 | 3.75 ± 0.91 | Group | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.00 | 0.05 | |
| 2 weeks | 2.40 ± 2.01 | 2.40 ± 2.01 | Group*time | 0.06 | 0.95 | 0.002 | 0.06 | |
| 4 weeks | 1.80 ± 2.04 | 1.75 ± 2.00 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 1.60 ± 2.01 | 1.60 ± 2.01 | ||||||
| Total | Baseline | 35.00 ± 5.34 | 31.70 ± 5.31 | Time | 103.85 | <0.001 | 0.73 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 28.35 ± 5.28 | 24.65 ± 7.81 | Group | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |
| 2 weeks | 15.20 ± 13.22 | 14.45 ± 12.73 | Group*time | 0.48 | 0.67 | 0.01 | 0.13 | |
| 4 weeks | 11.60 ± 13.53 | 10.65 ± 12.30 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 8.25 ± 9.70 | 7.45 ± 9.69 | ||||||
| CGI | ||||||||
| Severity | Baseline | 5.25 ± 0.97 | 5.15 ± 0.93 | Time | 236.40 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 4.00 ± 0.86 | 4.00 ± 0.86 | Group | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |
| 2 weeks | 2.75 ± 0.79 | 2.95 ± 0.69 | Group*time | 1.71 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.45 | |
| 4 weeks | 2.25 ± 1.02 | 2.60 ± 0.99 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 1.90 ± 1.02 | 2.30 ± 0.80 | ||||||
| Improvement | Baseline | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | Time | 202.87 | <0.001 | 0.84 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 2.60 ± 0.68 | 2.80 ± 0.52 | Group | 0.69 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.13 | |
| 2 weeks | 1.90 ± 0.79 | 1.85 ± 0.59 | Group*time | 0.96 | 0.43 | 0.03 | 0.30 | |
| 4 weeks | 1.65 ± 0.75 | 1.85 ± 0.67 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 1.35 ± 0.75 | 1.60 ± 0.60 | ||||||
| Efficacy | Baseline | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | Time | 127.29 | <0.001 | 0.77 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 7.60 ± 1.96 | 8.15 ± 1.90 | Group | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.12 | |
| 2 weeks | 5.25 ± 2.53 | 5.20 ± 2.07 | Group*time | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.02 | 0.18 | |
| 4 weeks | 3.30 ± 2.43 | 4.20 ± 3.46 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 2.30 ± 2.25 | 2.90 ± 2.45 | ||||||
| PANSS | ||||||||
| PANSS-PS | Baseline | 26.65 ± 5.72 | 28.20 ± 13.52 | Time | 157.25 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 19.25 ± 4.40 | 20.70 ± 7.81 | Group | 1.36 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.29 | |
| 2 weeks | 13.85 ± 4.52 | 16.45 ± 6.91 | Group*time | 1.23 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.19 | |
| 4 weeks | 11.45 ± 4.06 | 15.70 ± 12.43 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 10.55 ± 4.19 | 13.60 ± 8.11 | ||||||
| PANSS-NS | Baseline | 23.15 ± 4.64 | 23.45 ± 5.03 | Time | 200.78 | <0.001 | 0.84 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 17.15 ± 4.59 | 18.60 ± 5.99 | Group | 0.79 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.20 | |
| 2 weeks | 13.70 ± 4.88 | 15.55 ± 4.54 | Group*time | 0.74 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.13 | |
| 4 weeks | 12.20 ± 4.23 | 13.40 ± 4.31 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 11.50 ± 3.52 | 12.45 ± 4.02 | ||||||
| PANSS-GP | Baseline | 41.75 ± 7.92 | 39.25 ± 4.79 | Time | 232.36 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 31.95 ± 5.61 | 31.00 ± 3.73 | Group | 2.41 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.48 | |
| 2 weeks | 25.70 ± 4.96 | 25.85 ± 2.96 | Group*time | 0.04 | 0.84 | 0.001 | 0.05 | |
| 4 weeks | 22.95 ± 4.91 | 24.45 ± 4.58 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 21.75 ± 4.70 | 22.25 ± 4.19 | ||||||
| PANSS-total | Baseline | 91.55 ± 14.71 | 87.75 ± 9.83 | Time | 327.66 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 1.00 |
| 1 week | 68.70 ± 10.98 | 68.90 ± 9.98 | Group | 1.86 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.35 | |
| 2 weeks | 53.25 ± 12.49 | 54.65 ± 9.07 | Group*time | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.001 | 0.06 | |
| 4 weeks | 46.60 ± 11.65 | 50.00 ± 11.79 | ||||||
| 6 weeks | 43.95 ± 11.19 | 46.15 ± 11.54 | ||||||
Values in italics indicate statistical significance.