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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 19.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer. 2008 Sep 1;113(5):1097–1106. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23658

TABLE 1.

Correlational Studies Examining the Association Among Testosterone/Estradiol and Cognitive Functioning in Older Men

Study No. of Participants Cognitive Functioning Correlated With Results (Domain) Results (Task-specific)
Barrett-Connor 199939 547 Men Testosterone ↓Long-term memory, ↓long-term storage ↓MMSE, ↓BIMC, ↓‘world’ backward
Carlson & Sherwin 200041 31 Men Estradiol ↓Verbal fluency ↑Forward digit span
Yaffe 200223 310 Men Testosterone ↓Working memory, ↓visual scanning, ↓perceptual organization ↓11% MMSE, ↓13% digit symbol, ↓20% Trails B
Hogervorst 200440 66 Women 79 men Estradiol ↓Verbal recall, ↓information processing speed, ↓spatial span performance

↓ Indicates decrease; MMSE. Mini-Mental State Examination; BIMC, Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration; ↑, increase.