Table 1. Food policies to prevent obesity in selected countries.

	Policy type
Country	School-focused	Labeling: packaging and restaurants	Marketing	Pricing	Nutrition education/national dietary guidelines
Australia [13••, 69]	2010 National Healthy School Canteens Guidelines	Health star rating system for front-of-pack labeling	Australian Food and Grocery Council-issued self-regulated codes for marketing unhealthy foods to children		Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code— Standard 1.2.7—Nutrition, Health and Related Claims: issued by Department of Health and Aging in 2013
Bangladesh [70]					Infant and young children feeding policies
Brazil [71, 72]	As of 2001, regulations require 70% of food to be fresh or minimally processed As of 2009, the law requires 30% of food to be purchased from local family farms and their cooperatives	National Food and Nutrition Policy (NFNP) issued in 1999, updated in 2011; includes regulatory actions for nutritional labeling	Regulations for food marketing to infants and young children, since 2006		National Food and Nutrition Surveillance System; provides data on dietary and nutritional information at population level Food Guide for the Brazilian Population issued in 2006; guide for children under age 2 issued in 2002 Interministerial network to promote dietary and nutritional education since 2012 NFNP issued in 1999 and updated in 2011; health educators can promote healthy diets with media
Canada [73, 74]		Provincial requirement that all prepackaged foods have nutrition labeling			Canada's Food Guide, since 1942
Chile [75]		Food Labeling and Advertising law in effect since 2012: front-of-pack labeling	Food Labeling and Advertising law in effect since 2012: restricts unhealthy food marketing to children
China [76]	Guidelines on snacks for children and adolescents, issued in 2008	General Rules for Nutrition Labeling of Prepackaged Foods (2013)			Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (2000–2013 revision) 121 Health Action Strategy: 10,000 steps a day, the balance of eating and activity and a healthy life, issued by Minister of Health in 2007
Denmark [52, 77]				Tax on saturated fat (issued in 2011, removed in 2012)
Finland [72]			Consumer Ombudsman's Guidelines on Marketing to Children
France [52, 77]			Prohibition on food marketing in schools	Tax on SSBs (2012)
Hungary [52, 77]				Tax imposed in 2011 on foods with high fat, sugar, or salt content
India [78]	Complete ban on sale of junk foods and carbonated beverages near schools (2013)	Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)-issued guidelines recommending <10% trans-fats in food products	Advertising Standards Council of India regulation of junk food advertising FSSAI-issued self-regulation codes in food advertising
Ireland [44]			New restrictions on advertising of HFSS food and drinks targeting children (2013)
Mexico [79]	National Agreement for Nutritional Health (2011) 1. Ban on soda and other unhealthy foods in schools	Front-of-package labeling	Regulation of food and beverage marketing to children		Mexican Social Security institute prevention programs on television and other media
The Netherlands [80, 81]	Voluntary food rules and recommendations for schools regarding foods and beverages	“Healthy choice” logo on food packages	Ban on food advertising in kindergarten and primary school settings		Healthy diet guidelines issued in 1986 and 2006 Mass media campaigns: “Don't Get Fat,” “Balance Day”
New Zealand [13••, 69]		Health star front-of-pack labeling system	Restrictions on advertising of unhealthy food to children issued in 2008 (New Zealand Television Broadcasters' Council) The Advertising Standards Authority Code for Advertising of Food to Children (2010) National Heart Foundation's 2011 position statement on food marketing to children		Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code—Standard 1.2.7—Nutrition, Health and Related Claims, issued by Department of Health and Aging in 2013
Pacific Islands [82]		Fiji: Requirement of labeling information on sodium and trans-fatty acid values Solomon Islands: warning labels for foods high in fat		French Polynesia: taxes on SSBs, sweets, ice cream, since 2000 Nauru: “sugar levy” of 30% on high-sugar products, since 2007 Cook Islands: import duty on SSBs since 2013 Fiji: “soda tax” since 2006
Singapore [83]	Health Promotion School Canteen programs in schools	Healthier Choice Symbol to identify foods low in calories and fat			Healthier Hawker Food Programme to add healthier ingredients to daily dishes
South Africa [84]				Up to 25% rebate on purchase of healthy foods at a national supermarket chain (Vitality HealthyFood)	South African Food Based Dietary Guidelines (HealthyFood)
South Korea [85-87]	The Special Act on Children's Dietary Life Safety Management (2009)	Food labeling standards issued by Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Food and Drug Administration Health Functional Food Act of 2010 Standards and Specifications for Cooked Foods in the Restaurant	Restrictions on sale and advertising to children of food high in calories and low in nutritional value		Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans (1962–2000) National Nutrition Management Act of 2010 Dietary Education Support Act of 2009
Thailand [88]	School-based food and nutrition standards, announced in 2010	Ministry of Public Health–recommended nutrition labeling, on a voluntary basis since 1998 “OK” symbol for qualified food products that meet criteria on saturated fatty acids, sodium, and sugar, since 2013	Regulation of commercialization of “Foods for Children” by Thai FDA and Public Relations Department; limits food advertising to children on prime-time television (since 2007)		Thailand food-based dietary guidelines (1996 and 2010) “Thai People Flat Belly” project (2008–2009) Sweet Enough Network (2010) Community-based food, nutrition, and dietetic education program
United Kingdom [22, 72, 89]	Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives, a national strategy adopted in 2008 to promote a healthy diet Mandatory nutritional standards for school food Voluntary food guidance in preschools Government Buying Standards for Food	Voluntary “traffic light” front-of-pack labeling Voluntary calorie labeling on menus for standard government purchase	Restrictions on television advertising of unhealthy foods to children		Eatwell Plate Cooking in curriculum for students aged 11–14 y
United States [26, 27, 66, 90]	HHFKA (2010) Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs (by USDA) “Smart Snacks in School” standards (first nutritional guidelines for school snacks)	Food labeling guidelines Voluntary “Facts Up Front” system by food industry	Self-regulatory standards for food and beverage marketing to children younger than 12, established by the Children's Advertising Review Unit and Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative under the Council of Better Business Bureaus (BBB)	>40 states and some cities implemented SSB taxes	Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published jointly every 5 y since 1980 by HHS and USDA; most recent version published in 2010. The guidelines provide authoritative advice for people ≥2 y about how good dietary habits can promote health and reduce risk of major chronic diseases. They serve as the basis for federal food and nutrition education programs.