Table 4.
Prefrontal EEG asymmetry in different attachment groups.
| Study | N | Participants | Gender | Attachment measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infants | Davidson and Fox (1989) | 13 | 13 infants | Mixed | Periods of maternal approach and separation |
| Fox et al. (1992) | 46 | (1) 33 infants | Mixed | (1) Separation responses at 12 and 24 months of age | |
| (2) 13 infants | (2) longitudinal separation distress | ||||
| Dawson et al. (1992, 2001) | 26 | 26 mothers (12 with elevated depressive symptoms) and their infants | Mixed | Strange situation | |
| Calkins and Fox (1992) | 52 | 52 infants | Mixed | Strange situation; assessment of temperament and inhibition | |
| Calkins et al. (1996) | 207 | 207 mothers and their infants | Mixed | Visual, auditory, olfactory stimuli; infant behavior questionnaire; toddler behavior questionnaire; free play | |
| Hane and Fox (2006) | 185 | 185 infants (61 control, 67 high degrees of negative reactivity, 57 high degrees of positive reactivity | Mixed | Reactivity paradigm; laboratory temperament assessment battery; early social communication scale; maternal caregiving behavior during routine activities in the home | |
| Children | Davis O’hara (2003) | 67 | 67 children (5–7 years) | Mixed | CBQa; separation anxiety test, three stimulus situations (post-maternal separation, happy/sad and separation/reunion) |
| Adolescents | White et al. (2012) | 23 | 13 secure, 10 dismissing | Mixed | CAIb; cyberball social exclusion task; need threat scale |
| White et al. (2013) | 23 | 13 secure, 10 dismissing | Mixed | CAIb; cyberball social exclusion task; need threat scale | |
| Escobar et al. (2013) | 40 | 20 secure, 15 dismissing, 5 preoccupied | Mixed | FFIc; modified dual valence task; sociodemographic questionnaire | |
| Adults | Stanley (2006) | 124 | 124 college students | Mixed | AAPd; video clips of separation and reunion |
| Zilber et al. (2007) | 44 | 44 undergraduate students | Mixed | ECRe; response to 60 images (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral) | |
| Rognoni et al. (2008) | 39 | 9 avoidant, 14 free, 9 preoccupied, 7 fearful | Mixed | Film stimuli with emotional content; relationship questionnaire; ECRe; adult attachment scale | |
| Behrens et al. (2011) | 3 | Case study: 3 mothers and their infants | Mixed | AAIf; response to 100 images (positive, negative, neutral, personal) | |
| Fraedrich et al. (2010) | 16 | 16 mothers | Female | AAPd; presentation of pictures which show infant faces expressing a positive, negative and neutral emotion | |
| Chavis and Kisley (2012) | 42 | 14 avoidant, 12 anxious, 15 secure | Mixed | ECRe; response to 45 images (positive, negative, neutral) | |
| Weisman et al. (2012) | 65 | 65 adults: new parents, new lovers and romantically unattached singles | Mixed | Response to images of a familiar/unfamiliar infant face and neutral stimuli | |
| Dan and Raz (2012) | 50 | 50 undergraduate students | Mixed | ECRe; response to images of angry and neutral faces | |
| Verbeke et al., 2014 | 35 | 35 undergraduate students | Female | Attachment styles questionnaire; task-free resting-state under condition Ag and condition Bh |
aCBQ, child behavior questionnaire; bCAI, child attachment interview; cFFI, friends and family interview; dAAP, adult attachment projective picture system; eECR, experiences in close relationships; fAAI, adult attachment interview; gcondition A, participants sit isolated in a dimly lit EEG lab; hcondition B, two participants sit together in a dimly lit EEG lab.