Table 1.

Viruses and their proteins that are related to possible cancer development

Virus	Proteins and viral homologues	Related cancer type
Epstein-Barr virus	Latent phase: latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1), LMP2A, EBV encoded small RNAs-1 (EBER-1), EBER2, BARF1, Lytic phase: BZLF1 andBHRF1	Lymphoid and epithelial malignancies including Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, brain tumours, cervical cancer, leukaemia, gastric/stomach cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas
Human cytomegalovirus	IL-10, vMIA (viral mitochondria-located inhibitor of apoptosis), vICA (an inhibitor of caspase activation), c-FLIP proteins, pUL38, IE1(491a), IE2(579aa), US27, US28, UL33, and UL78	Brain tumour, breast cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma, skin cancer, leukaemia, and bladder cancer.
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associatedherpesvirus	KSBcl-2 (encoded by KSHV ORF-16) and viral FLIP (FLICE inhibitory protein, ORFK13)	HIV-related cancers, Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphomas, Castleman’s disease, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma, primary body cavity B-cell lymphoma, andbladder cancer.
Human papillomavirus	E6oncoprotein, E 7 oncoprotein, E5 oncoprotein	Cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinomas of head, neck, mouth, vaginal cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, bladder cancer, vulva cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma.
Human T-cell leukemia virus	Tax, Rex, p12	Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma and brain tumours (astrocytoma)
Hepatitis C virus	E1, E2, NS5A, KFBP38, BAX	HCC, liver cancer, B- and T-cell lymphomas, pancreatic cancer, hepatobiliary cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, thyroid cancer