Table 2.

Studies of sedation in NIV (compiled from Scala [9] )

Study	No. of patients	Indication	NIV interface	Type of sedative	Initiation of sedation
Rocker et al. [10]	10	ARF	FFM	Morphine	At start of NIV
Constantin et al. [11]	13	ARF (n = 10); AHRF (n = 3)	FFM	Remifentanil, midazolam*	Poor NIV acceptance
Rocco et al. [12]	36	ARF	FFM, helmet	Remifentanil	Poor NIV acceptance
Akada et al. [13]	10	ARF	FFM	Dexmedetomidine†	Poor NIV acceptance
Takasaki et al. [14]	2	SAA	FFM	Dexmedetomidine	Poor NIV acceptance
Clouzeau et al. [15]	10	ARF (n = 7); AHRF (n = 3)	FFM	Propofol	Poor NIV acceptance
Senoglu et al. [16]	40	COPD	FFM	Dexmedetomidine (n = 20); midazolam (n = 20)	At start of NIV
Huang et al. [17]	62	ACPO	FFM, helmet	Dexmedetomidine (n = 33); midazolam (n = 29)	Poor NIV acceptance

The last two rows identify randomized controlled trials; other trials were reported not to have been controlled. See also Table 3 of this review.

ACPO, acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema; ARF, acute respiratory failure; AHRF, acute hypercapnic respiratory failure; FFM, full face mask; SAA, severe asthma attack.

*Combined with propofol in three cases. ^†Combined with morphine in one case and with propofol in one case.