Table 1.

Characteristics of cohort studies that evaluated dietary LA intake and incidence of coronary heart disease events.

Author and year	Study name and country	Follow- up	Total No. of participants (No. of cases)	Disease outcome	Number of CHD events		Gender	Baseline age	LA measures	Adjustment
					CHD events	CHD deaths
Vedtofte et al, 2011 (24)	MONICA/Denmark	23.3	M: 1643 F: 1643	Ischemic heart disease (total)	M: 312 F: 159	-	M/F	50.6 (30.9– 60.8)	diet/7-day weight food record	Age, smoking, education, family history of MI, SBP, alcohol use, other PUFA, energy, physical activity, BMI
de Goede et al, 2012 (25)	MORGEN/Netherlands	10	20,000	Total CHD	280	-	M&F	41.5 (20– 65)	FFQ	Age, sex, total energy, smoking, BMI, education level, parental history of MI, alcohol, dietary fiber, protein, SFA, MUFA, trans fat and PUFA other than LA
Oh et al, 2005 (26) (updated)	HS/US	30	84,564	Total CHD/CHD deaths	3776	1111	F	42.5 (30– 55)	FFQ	Age, smoking, BMI, menopausal status, hormone therapy, physical activity, alcohol, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFA (or carbohydrate), MUFA, ALA, PUFA other than LA and ALA, trans, fiber intake, cholesterol intake, HTN, family history of MI.
Ascherio et al, 1996 (27) (updated)	HPFS/US	24	41,082	Total CHD/CHD deaths	3842	1971	M	42.5 (40– 75)	FFQ	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFA (or carbohydrate), MUFA, ALA, PUFA other than LA and ALA and trans, fiber intake, cholesterol intake, HTN, family history f MI.
Pietinen et al, 1997 (28)	ATBC/Finland	6.1	21,930	Total CHD/CHD deaths	1339	534	M	59.5 (50– 69)	FFQ	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFA (or carbohydrate), MUFA, ALA, PUFA other than LA and ALA and trans, fiber intake, cholesterol intake, HTN, education level.
Pooling Project of Cohort Studies on Diet and Coronary Disease (4)	ARIC/US	9.2	M: 5240 F: 6481	Total CHD/CHD death	M:269 F:123	M:51 F*:-	M/F	M: 54 (47–63) F:35 (47– 62)	FFQ
	FMC/Finland	10	M:2712 F: 2481	Total CHD/ CHD deaths	M:322 F:162	M:147 F:48	M/F	M:47 (37–63) F: 49 (38–65)	DH
	WHS/US	5.3	37,372	Total CHD/CHD deaths	152	10	F	52 (46– 64)	FFQ
	VIP/Sweden	10	M: 9521 F: 10,555	Total CHD/CHD deaths	M:134 F:23	M:38 F*:-	M/F	M: 50 (40–60) F: 50 (40–60)	FFQ
	IWHS/US	10	30,180	CHD deaths	-	294	F	61 (56– 67)	FFQ
	IIHD/Israel	10	8272	CHD deaths	-	165	M	48 (41–59)	FFQ	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFA (or carbohydrate), MUFA, PUFA other than LA, fiber intake, cholesterol intake, HTN, education level.
Dolecek, 1992 (29)	MRFIT/US	10.5	6250	CHD deaths	-	175	M	35–57	diet/24-hr recall	Age, race, smoking, baseline SBP, HDL, LDL, alcohol

ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; ATBC, Alpha-Tocopherol and Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; DH, dietary history; FFQ: food-frequency questionnaire; FMC, Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Study; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HPFS, Health Professional s’ Follow-up Study; HTN, hypertension; IIHD, Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study; IWHS, Iowa Women’s Health Study; LA, linoleic acid; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MI, myocardial infarction; MONICA, Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinations in Cardiovascular Disease; MORGEN, Monitoring Project on Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases; MRFIT, Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial; MUFA, mono-unsaturated fatty acid; MV, multivitamin; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SFA, saturated fatty acid; VIP, Västerbotten Intervention Program; WHS, Women’s Health Study.

^*Insufficient events for analysis of CHD deaths among women.