Table 5.
Mediator | Learning objectives covered in IYG-Tech |
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1. Students will not have sex | |
Knowledge of… | Reproductive system (functional anatomy)/Types of sex (oral, anal, vaginal)/Consequences of sex (physical, emotional, social)/“Personal limits or rules”/Situations (places, peers, times) & signs (loss of “control”, pressure, feelings) that may make it hard to say no to sex;/Characteristics of clear refusal skills/Abstinence as being the only 100% effective way of avoiding HIV, STD, or getting pregnant./Pressures/influences (social, peer, partner, media) to have and not have sex/Communicating your rules to friends &/or partner & reasons why this is important/Alternate activities (e.g. movies, pizza, meet friends) and ways to suggest these/Avoidance strategies/Signs as cues to use refusal strategies/Personal rules regarding sex & intimate behaviors. |
Skills and self-efficacy to… | Decide to not have sex/Identify signs & situations that may make it hard to say no to sex (e.g., peer pressure, social situations, when you really like the person) & use refusal skills/Communicate your personal rules to friends &/or partner/Identify & listen to signs and situations that may make it hard to say no to sex & avoid those situations (e.g. physically avoid the situation; use refusal/negotiation skills)/Suggest an appropriate alternative activity to sex. |
Outcome expectations that… | The decision to not have sex will reduce the risk of getting HIV, STDs or becoming pregnant/Communicating your personal intentions and limits will lead to a better relationship with your partner/Communicating personal rules & intentions will decrease risk of HIV/STD & pregnancy/A healthy relationship is not predicated on sexual activity/Avoiding a high risk situation, alternative activities, &/or use of appropriate refusal skills will lead to successful abstinence without jeopardizing interpersonal relationships & reduce the risk of getting HIV, STDs or becoming pregnant./Deciding to not have sex will lead to increased self-respect/Use of refusal skills will keep you from doing things you don’t want to do (non-sex related) without jeopardizing friendships. |
Perceived norms that… | Teens communicate their personal limits to friends/Teens communicate their personal limits regarding sex to their partners/Most middle school students do not have sex/Most middle school students feel it is important to not have sex. |
Normative beliefs that… | Significant others approve and respect your refusing to have sex/People may have different personal rules regarding different behaviors/Friends approve of you communicating your personal rules/Your partner approves of you communicating your limits/Others approve of you recommending alternate activities to sex/Significant others approve and respect you refusing to do things that you choose not to do (non-sex related behaviors)/Significant others approve and respect your decision to avoid situations that may make it hard to say no to sex/Most parents feel it is important to practice refusal strategies to not have sex. |
Social support to… | Use alternate activities/Decide to not have sex/Establish and communicate your personal intentions and limits/Avoid and/or help identify signs of risky situations/Use refusal strategies to not have sex. |
2. Students Will Have Healthy Relationships With Their Friends, Girlfriends, or Boyfriends | |
Knowledge of… | Characteristics of healthy & unhealthy relationships/Healthy & unhealthy ways you behave in a relationship/Pressures & influences (social, peer, media) to have and not have healthy relationships/Expectations about healthy relationships/Ways to communicate expectations about relationships to friends & partner/Relationships with friends & partners that are not healthy/Situations where you come in contact with friends or partners that are not healthy/Strategies to avoid friends or partners that are not healthy/Alternative activities to being in unhealthy relationships. |
Skills and self-efficacy to… | Evaluate relationships/Recognizing signs of unhealthy relationships/Have healthy relationships/Listen to your friends’ or partner’s expectations in relationships/Avoid unhealthy relationships/Communicate expectations in relationships/Engage in alternative activities to being in unhealthy relationships. |
Perceived norms that… | Most peers can have healthy relationships. |
Social support to… | Set and communicate expectations for healthy relationships./Evaluate relationships/Decide to have a healthy relationship/Avoid unhealthy relationships. |
For students who ARE sexually active OR considering having sex.
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Mediator | Learning objectives covered in IYG-Tech |
3: Students will use condoms correctly and consistently when having sex. | |
Knowledge of… | Reproductive system (functional anatomy)/HIV/STDs (Transmission & symptoms)/Consequences of not using a condom if you have sex/Condoms in reducing the risk of HIV, STDs, & pregnancy/Types of condoms and relative pros & cons/Condom evaluation, application, & safe removal/Pressures & influences (peer, media, social) for condom use & none use/Places to obtain or buy condoms/Reasons for, and importance of, communication of intentions to use a condom to a partner/Protected and unprotected sex/Legality of condom purchase/Ways to purchase, carry, & protect a condom/Communication about intentions & negotiation to use condoms/Personal rules about condom use/Reasons that condoms are important with regular as well as casual partners. |
Skills and self-efficacy to… | Evaluate, apply, and safely remove a condom/Decide to use condoms/Buy or obtain a free condom/Carry a condom/Negotiating condom use: Communicate intentions to use condoms, hear partner’s intentions, negotiate condom use, agree on condom use or to not have sex/Apply a condom correctly/Use a condom with regular partners as well as with casual partners. |
Outcome expectations that… | Deciding to use condoms & using them correctly reduces the risk of getting HIV, STIs, pregnancy/A-priori agreements about using condoms (or not having sex) will increase the chances that these occur/Condom negotiation increases condom use with sex/Communicating intentions to use condoms with sex increases their use/Using condoms every time you have sex (even with regular partners) reduces the risk of getting HIV, STD’s, & pregnancy/Carrying a condom increases the chances of using one when having sex. |
Perceived norms that… | Most sexually active teens buy or obtain free condoms, carry condoms, feel it is important to carry condoms, communicate their intentions to use condoms with their partners, & choose to not have sex if a condom is not used/Most sexually active teens who decide to use condoms are more likely to use them & to successfully negotiate their use/Partners should be willing to use condoms/Teens use condoms with regular & casual partners and feel this is important. |
Perceived barriers to… | Recognizing that the benefits of using condoms outweigh the risks and side effects of not using condoms/Buying or obtaining a free condom (e.g., money, transportation), carrying a condom, and using condoms consistently over time. |
Social support to… | Buy or obtain a free condom/Support your decision to use condoms/Support your decision to carry a condom, negotiate the use of a condom, making an agreement to use condoms or not have sex, & use condoms consistently over time. |
4: Students will use birth control correctly and consistently when having sex. | |
Knowledge of… | Birth control options & methods (including advantages and disadvantages)/Guidelines for effective and consistent use of chosen birth control (plan ahead, take every day)/Both partners being responsible for use of non-hormonal birth control when sexually active. |
Outcome expectations that… | Making an informed choice about birth control will decrease risk of pregnancy/Effective use of birth control along with condoms decreases risk of pregnancy. |
For students who ARE sexually active.
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Mediator | Learning objectives covered in IYG-Tech |
5: Students will get tested and counseled for HIV, STDs, and Pregnancy | |
Knowledge of… | Types of STDs & modes of transmission/Types of tests available (different procedures; home/clinic)/Time taken to get test results./Limitations of tests (e.g., timing premature to detect HIV, pregnancy; false negative/positive; no counseling with home tests)./Places to get testing & counseling (incl. business hours, phone numbers)/Healthcare needs addressed & appropriate provider/Making an appointment (time & date)/Obtaining results (e.g. phone, in person)/Way to contact partners you have had (e.g. phone #, address). |
Skills and self-efficacy to… | Decide to get tested and rationale for decision./Make and keep an appointment/Obtain test results/Cope with results/Engage in conversation w/your healthcare provider & get healthcare/Notify partner(s)/Plan ahead (use reminders)/Maintain testing behavior. |
Perceived susceptibility that… | Any sexually active teen can get HIV/STD or become pregnant/impregnate partner/Current absence of symptoms does not ensure that you are not infected or pregnant/If you continue to be sexually active, you need to maintain testing behavior/Teens have a certain prevalence of HIV/STD & pregnancy. |
Perceived severity of… | Consequences of teen pregnancy, STDs, & HIV/Consequences of particular STDs if you don’t obtain healthcare follow up. |
Perceived norms that… | It is normal, expected, and responsible for teens who have sex to get tested for HIV/STD and pregnancy/People who are sexually active maintain testing behavior over time./Individuals who have HIV/STD or who are pregnant obtain healthcare/It is an individual’s responsibility to make past & future partners aware of their status. |
Perceived benefits of… | The importance of knowing your status (& overcoming barriers such as denial or not wanting to know)/That getting tested outweighs barriers/That knowing your status is beneficial for health & peace of mind of self & partner, can result in early treatment (if positive results), & helps to reduce progression of symptoms (HIV/STD) or to have a healthier baby (if pregnant)/That taking responsibility for health of self & partner by getting tested over time is helpful, worthwhile, useful, the mature thing to do./Feeling mature and responsible for keeping the appointment, getting the test results, and notifying partner(s). |
Perceived barriers to… | Getting tested that include cost, access, confidentiality, type of test, stigma, and embarrassment/Develop mitigating strategies/List free or low-cost testing sites (cost)/Recognize that testing is not a one-time occurrence/List your available times for testing/Be aware of your schedule (don’t double book)/Notify past and future partners/Identify ways to overcome barriers. |
Social support to… | Your decision to get tested/Helping you make appointment, keep the appointment, and accompany you to get the results/Accompanying you to get treatment/Help you cope with treatment/Help and support you to notify partners/Help and support continued testing behavior. |