Table 2.

Example animal model linking other EDC exposure and sex-specific behavioral alterations

Publication	Animal model	EDC(s) tested or correlation analysis performed	Dosing regimen	Major findings
Bertolasio et al.,  2011 [163]	Sprague–Dawley rats	MXC and E2	2.0 mg MXC and 10 mg E2 on post-natal days 1, 3, and 5. Only females treated.	Perinatal exposure to MXC and E2 combined led to adult  females demonstrating suppressed proceptive behaviors  and increased rejection of males.
Carbone et al.,  2013 [164]	Wistar rats	Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate  (DEHP)	30 mg/kg/bw/day from postnatal 1 to weaning. Both males and females were treated.	Perinatal DEHP exposure increased anxiety-like behaviors  (decreased open arm entries and time spent in the open  arms of the EPM and increased time  spent in the closed arms); whereas, no effect was observed  in exposed females.
Hotchkiss et al.,  2003 [87]	Sprague–Dawley rats	Vinclozolin, flutamide, and  testosterone proprionate	Vinclozolin (50 mg/kg/day) or testosterone proprionate  (TP, 250 μg/kg/day) were administered at postnatal  days 2 and 3. Both sexes were treated.	Perinatal exposure to vinclozolin or flutamide decreased  social play behaviors in juvenile males to approach  control female levels. When neonatal testosterone-treated  females were tested as juveniles, they demonstrated  increase (masculinized response)  in these same play behaviors.
Baatrup et al.,  2001 [85]	Guppy fish (Poecilia  reticulata)	Vinclozolin, p,p-DDE, and  flutamide	Adults were treated for 30 days with these three chemicals in the  fodder at concentrations between 0.1 and 100 μg/g/fodder. Only males were treated.	Adult exposure of males to all three of the chemicals resulted  in discoloration with reduced sexually attractive orange-  yellow areas and severe reduction  in courtship behaviors.
Schultz et al.,  2012 [165]	Fathead minnow  (Pimephales  promelas)	Triclosan (TCS) and  triclobarban (TCC)	Newly hatched and adult fathead minnows were exposed for 12 and  21 days, respectively, to TCC (1.6 μg/L) or a mixture (560 ng/l TCS +  179 ng/L TCC and 1.6 μg/L TCS + 450 ng/L TCC). Both sexes were treated.	Adult exposure of males to triclosan or the combination  of triclosan and triclocarban led to decreased aggression.
Knapp et al.,  2011 [166]	Mosquitofish  (Gambusia affinis)	Cortisol	Experiment 1: cortisol treatments were 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/L, Experiment 2 cortisol treatments were 0.05, 0.1 or 0.5 mg/L Only females were tested.	Developmental exposure of females to cortisol resulted in  adult male-typical anatomical structures (elongated anal  fins with distal tip features) and demonstrated  masculinized male reproductive behaviors, including  attempting to copulate with control females.
Saaristo et al.,  2010 [80]	Sand gobies  (Pomatoschistus minutus)	EE	Chronic adult exposure (1 to 4 weeks) to EE (11 ng/L). Only males were treated.	Adult EE exposed males took longer to build a nest, had  decreased courtship and leading behaviors, and were less  aggressive than control males.
Saaristo et al.,  2010 [81]	Sand gobies  (Pomatoschistus minutus)	EE	Adult exposure for 10 to 31 days to EE (41 ng/L)	Adult exposure to EE led to altered parental care by males, as  evidenced by increased fanning behavior of the eggs  relative to controls.
Partridge et al.,  2010 [82]	Gulf pipefish  (Syngnathus scovelli)	EE	Adult exposure to 1 ng EE/L or 100 ng EE/L for 10 days. Only males were treated.	This species is sex-role reversed with sexual selection acting  more strongly on females than males and females  competed for the limited number of males.  However, adult EE exposure results in males exhibiting  female-like secondary sexual traits. Even though these  exposed males are capable of reproduction, females  discriminate against them in mate choice trials.
Hoffmann et al.,  2012 [83]	African clawed frogs  (Xenopus laevis)	EE	Adults exposed to EE (0.296 ng/L, 2.96 ng/L, 29.64 ng/L,  2.96 μg/L and 296.4 μg/L) for 96 hours. Only males were tested.	Adult exposure of males to EE lowered male sexual arousal,  as evidenced by decreased proportion and temportal/  spectral parameters of advertisement calls and increased  proportion of rasping calls (indicative of an unaroused  male). Mate choice experiments demonstrated that  females found exposed males less sexually attractive.
Hoffmann et al.,  2010 [86]	African clawed frogs  (Xenopus laevis)	Vinclozolin	Adults exposed to Vinclozolin at concentrations ranging  from 10−6 to 10−10 M for 96 hours. Only males were treated.	Adult exposure of males to vinclozolin (10−6 M) decreased  advertisement calls and chirping and increased proportion  of rasping calls.
Frederick et al.,  2011 [167]	American white ibises  (Eudocimus albus)	Methylmercury (MeHg)	Three year treatment of adults to MeHg (0.05 to 0.3 ppm wet weight). Both males and females were treated.	Long term exposure (3 years) resulted in increased  proportion of males pair-bonding with males and  decreased male courtship behavior to females and affected  female sexual preference with courting females  approaching exposed males less than  control males. Exposed females demonstrated decreased  egg productivity.
Halldin et al.,  1999 [84]	Japanese quail (Coturnix  japonica)	EE and diethylstilbestrol  (DES)	In ovo treatment to EE (6 ng/g) or DES (19 ng/g). Both sexes were treated but only males were further studied.	In ovo exposure to EE and DES resulted in depressed male  sexual behavior.