Table 2.
Distribution of Selected Characteristics Across Cohorts Before and After Propensity Score Adjustment
| Characteristic | RCT Cohort |
Elderly Cohort |
Screen-Detected Cohort |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADT |
ADT Plus RT |
P |
ADT |
ADT Plus RT |
P |
ADT |
ADT Plus RT |
P |
||||||||||
| No. | % | No. | % | Before | After | No. | % | No. | % | Before | After | No. | % | No. | % | Before | After | |
| All patients | 4,642 | 35.9 | 8,282 | 64.1 | 8,694 | 60.6 | 5,646 | 39.4 | 2,017 | 47.2 | 2,260 | 52.8 | ||||||
| Age, years | .066 | .959 | < .001 | .921 | < .001 | .725 | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 71.2 | 71.1 | 80.4 | 78.9 | 77.6 | 74.8 | ||||||||||||
| SD | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 5.2 | 4.8 | ||||||||||||
| Race | < .001 | .896 | < .001 | .981 | < .001 | .954 | ||||||||||||
| White | 3,499 | 75.4 | 6,969 | 84.1 | 7,029 | 80.8 | 4,892 | 86.6 | 1,615 | 80.1 | 1,881 | 83.2 | ||||||
| Black | 732 | 15.8 | 801 | 9.7 | 695 | 8.0 | 338 | 6.0 | 250 | 12.4 | 233 | 10.3 | ||||||
| All others | 216 | 4.7 | 379 | 4.6 | 448 | 5.2 | 328 | 5.8 | 88 | 4.4 | 125 | 5.5 | ||||||
| Unknown | 195 | 4.2 | 133 | 1.6 | 522 | 6.0 | 88 | 1.6 | 64 | 3.2 | 21 | 0.9 | ||||||
| Ethnicity | < .001 | .906 | < .001 | .990 | < .001 | .995 | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 4,050 | 87.2 | 7,599 | 91.8 | 7,648 | 88.0 | 5,276 | 93.4 | 1,839 | 91.2 | 2,118 | 93.7 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 362 | 7.8 | 521 | 6.3 | 469 | 5.4 | 251 | 4.4 | 94 | 4.7 | 109 | 4.8 | ||||||
| Unknown | 230 | 5.0 | 162 | 2.0 | 577 | 6.6 | 119 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||||||
| Marital status | < .001 | .960 | < .001 | .899 | < .001 | .900 | ||||||||||||
| Married | 2,594 | 55.9 | 5,832 | 70.4 | 4,709 | 54.2 | 3989 | 70.7 | 1,168 | 57.9 | 1,626 | 71.9 | ||||||
| Not married | 1,077 | 23.2 | 1,668 | 20.1 | 1,787 | 20.6 | 1141 | 20.2 | 511 | 25.3 | 465 | 20.6 | ||||||
| Unknown | 971 | 20.9 | 782 | 9.4 | 2,198 | 25.3 | 516 | 9.1 | 338 | 16.8 | 169 | 7.5 | ||||||
| T stage | < .001 | .563 | < .001 | .957 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| T1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2,017 | 100.0 | 2,260 | 100.0 | ||||||
| T2 | 4,329 | 93.3 | 7,435 | 89.8 | 8,283 | 95.3 | 5,168 | 91.5 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| T3 | 313 | 6.7 | 847 | 10.2 | 411 | 4.7 | 478 | 8.5 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| WHO grade | < .001 | .984 | < .001 | .829 | — | — | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 137 | 3.0 | 148 | 1.8 | 215 | 2.5 | 84 | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| 2 | 2,992 | 64.5 | 5,236 | 63.2 | 5,206 | 59.9 | 3,262 | 57.8 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| 3 | 1,513 | 32.6 | 2,898 | 35.0 | 3,273 | 37.6 | 2,300 | 40.7 | 2,017 | 100.0 | 2,260 | 100.0 | ||||||
| Comorbidities (present) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 551 | 11.9 | 750 | 9.1 | < .001 | .965 | 1,296 | 14.9 | 579 | 10.3 | < .001 | .929 | 344 | 17.1 | 246 | 10.9 | < .001 | .951 |
| Valvular | 488 | 10.5 | 872 | 10.5 | .999 | .962 | 1,309 | 15.1 | 763 | 13.5 | .011 | .991 | 313 | 15.5 | 309 | 13.7 | .096 | .986 |
| Perivascular | 668 | 14.4 | 1,005 | 12.1 | < .001 | .975 | 1,599 | 18.4 | 835 | 14.8 | < .001 | .912 | 375 | 18.6 | 346 | 15.3 | .005 | .955 |
| Stroke | 371 | 8.0 | 422 | 5.1 | < .001 | .962 | 736 | 8.5 | 311 | 5.5 | < .001 | .863 | 179 | 8.9 | 137 | 6.1 | < .001 | .962 |
| Neurologic | 302 | 6.5 | 324 | 3.9 | < .001 | .950 | 724 | 8.3 | 273 | 4.8 | < .001 | .687 | 165 | 8.2 | 118 | 5.2 | < .001 | .942 |
| Psychiatric | 361 | 7.8 | 417 | 5.0 | < .001 | .939 | 742 | 8.5 | 288 | 5.1 | < .001 | .763 | 183 | 9.1 | 122 | 5.4 | < .001 | .982 |
| Electrolyte abnormality | 403 | 8.7 | 516 | 6.2 | < .001 | .980 | 809 | 9.3 | 405 | 7.2 | < .001 | .924 | 201 | 10.0 | 166 | 7.3 | .0027 | .946 |
| Arrhythmia | 882 | 19.0 | 1619 | 19.5 | .463 | .978 | 2,460 | 28.3 | 1,425 | 25.2 | < .001 | .887 | 559 | 27.7 | 511 | 22.6 | < .001 | .974 |
| Coronary artery disease | 559 | 12.0 | 993 | 12.0 | .952 | .933 | 1,142 | 13.1 | 702 | 12.4 | .230 | .979 | 267 | 13.2 | 266 | 11.8 | .160 | .975 |
| Hypertension | 2,907 | 62.6 | 5,302 | 64.0 | .119 | .849 | 5,828 | 67.0 | 3,787 | 67.1 | .975 | .937 | 1,420 | 70.4 | 1,564 | 69.2 | .413 | .896 |
| COPD | 1,155 | 24.9 | 1,793 | 21.6 | < .001 | .959 | 2,185 | 25.1 | 1,201 | 21.3 | < .001 | .873 | 521 | 25.8 | 474 | 21.0 | < .001 | .977 |
| Liver | 239 | 5.1 | 328 | 4.0 | .002 | .968 | 327 | 3.8 | 239 | 4.2 | .169 | .964 | 84 | 4.2 | 107 | 4.7 | .408 | .926 |
| Renal | 272 | 5.9 | 355 | 4.3 | < .001 | .994 | 639 | 7.3 | 266 | 4.7 | < .001 | .866 | 172 | 8.5 | 138 | 6.1 | .003 | .950 |
| Diabetes | 1,209 | 26.0 | 2,037 | 24.6 | .072 | .960 | 2,033 | 23.4 | 1,314 | 23.3 | .894 | .946 | 548 | 27.2 | 644 | 28.5 | .352 | .993 |
| Bleeding disorder | 161 | 3.5 | 291 | 3.5 | .933 | .908 | 377 | 4.3 | 246 | 4.4 | .986 | .959 | 111 | 5.5 | 108 | 4.8 | .315 | .956 |
| Weight loss | 114 | 2.5 | 117 | 1.4 | < .001 | .987 | 276 | 3.2 | 123 | 2.2 | < .001 | .942 | 89 | 4.4 | 55 | 2.4 | < .001 | .931 |
| Anemia | 893 | 19.2 | 1,283 | 15.5 | < .001 | .931 | 1,858 | 21.4 | 1,102 | 19.5 | .008 | .956 | 468 | 23.2 | 470 | 20.8 | .063 | .896 |
| Size of urban area | .011 | .890 | < .001 | .829 | .001 | .992 | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 1 million | 2,512 | 54.1 | 4,259 | 51.4 | 4,496 | 51.7 | 3,140 | 55.6 | 1,114 | 55.2 | 1,316 | 58.2 | ||||||
| 250,000 to 1 million | 832 | 17.9 | 1,604 | 19.4 | 1,689 | 19.4 | 1,096 | 19.4 | 352 | 17.5 | 434 | 19.2 | ||||||
| < 250,000 | 1,298 | 28.0 | 2,419 | 29.2 | 2,509 | 28.9 | 1,410 | 25.0 | 551 | 27.3 | 510 | 22.6 | ||||||
| Census tract median income, $ | < .001 | .940 | < .001 | .823 | < .001 | .924 | ||||||||||||
| 0 to 25,000 | 752 | 16.2 | 956 | 11.5 | 1,159 | 13.3 | 445 | 7.9 | 289 | 14.3 | 195 | 8.6 | ||||||
| 25,000 to 40,000 | 1,645 | 35.4 | 2,634 | 31.8 | 2,958 | 34.0 | 1,728 | 30.6 | 635 | 31.5 | 591 | 26.2 | ||||||
| 40,000 to 60,000 | 1,371 | 29.5 | 2,733 | 33.0 | 2,788 | 32.1 | 1,891 | 33.5 | 634 | 31.4 | 708 | 31.3 | ||||||
| ≥ 60,000 | 815 | 17.6 | 1,821 | 22.0 | 1,679 | 19.3 | 1,480 | 26.2 | 445 | 22.1 | 727 | 32.2 | ||||||
| Unknown | 59 | 1.3 | 138 | 1.7 | 110 | 1.3 | 102 | 1.8 | 14 | 0.7 | 39 | 1.7 | ||||||
NOTE. Year, SEER registry, and urologist practice years were balanced within propensity score quintiles but are not shown for presentation purposes.
Abbreviations: ADT, androgen-deprivation therapy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RCT, randomized clinical trial; RT, radiotherapy; SD, standard deviation.