Table 1.
Baseline Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Features, and Results of Hematological and Biochemical Tests Among Patient Groups
| Characteristic | Healthy Control Group (n = 19) | Moderately Severe Malaria Group (n = 15) | Severe Malaria Group (n = 13) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 8 (6–12) | 7 (4–12) | 8 (5–11) | |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 14 (73%) | 9 (60%) | 9 (69%) | |
| Fever duration before presentation, d | NA | 2 (1–14) | 3 (1–7) | |
| Temperature, °C, mean (range) | 36.2 (36–36.8) | 37.2 (35.7–39.2) | 38.0 (35.8–39.5) | <.05 |
| Weight, kg | 20 (14–40) | 22 (14–32) | 20 (15–32) | |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (range) | ||||
| Systolic | 106 (84–128) | 98 (80–126) | 90 (80–139) | <.05 |
| Diastolic | 68 (38–81) | 60 (50–70) | 61 (40–79) | <.05 |
| Heart rate, beats/min, mean (range) | 80 (61–117) | 113 (86–138) | 125 (61–187) | <.05 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 18 (18–24) | 24 (20–36) | 28 (20–48) | <.05 |
| Pulse O2 saturation, %, mean (range) | 99 (99–100) | 99 (98–100) | 98 (96–100) | |
| Methemoglobin level, % of total hemoglobin | 0.6 (0–1.7) | 0.9 (0.2–1.7) | 0.75 (0–1.5) | |
| White blood cell count, ×103 cells/µL, mean (range) | 8.3 (4.6–12.8) | 7.1 (2–19.7) | 9.8 (3.3–14.9) | <.05 |
| Hemoglobin level, g/dL, mean (range) | 11.3 (8.3–13.7) | 9.8 (6.7–13.3) | 10.5 (7.2–12.4) | <.05 |
| Platelet count, ×109 platelets/L, mean (range) | 188 (132–431) | 89 (21–242) | 99 (34–326) | <.05 |
| Creatinine level, mmol/L, mean (range) | NA | 44 (4–65) | 44 (25–66) | <.05 |
| Lactate level, mmol/L, mean (range) | NA | 1.37 (0.70–1.64) | 1.77 (0.78–4.56) | <.05 |
| Parasite density, parasites/µL, geometric mean (95% CI) | NA | 25 813 (9225–72 231) | 116 023(13 014–1 034 359) | <.05 |
| Reactive hyperemia index | 1.29 (1.05–2.4) | 1.09 (1–1.30) | 1.13 (1.0–1.34) | <.05 |
| Tissue O2 saturation, % at baseline | 81 (76–85) | 81 (80–84) | 87 (77–90) | |
| Tissue hemoglobin index at baseline | 14.4 (13.9–15.7) | 14.3 (13.4–15.4) | 15.5 (13.4–16.3) | |
| StO2, % at end of occlusion | 36 (33–42) | 37 (34–38) | 38 (32–43) | |
| Recovery StO2, % increase/min | 251 (223–266) | 230 (203–242) | 220 (197–242) | <.05 |
| Peak StO2 after release, % | 95 (94–95) | 94 (93–95) | 96 (91–97) | |
| Difference between peak and baseline StO2, % | 15 (14–17) | 12 (10–14) | 9 (7–13) | <.05 |
| O2 consumption, StO2 %/min | −10.3 (−11.6 to −8) | −13.0 (−13.73 to −10.72) | −13.3 (−13.94 to −11.43) | <.05 |
All results are median (range), unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; StO2, tissue O2 saturation.
a By the Kruskal–Wallis test, comparing the healthy control group, severe malaria group, and moderately severe malaria group.