Figure 3.
Manhattan and random forest plots for the gene-based genome-wide association study. Meta-analysis of the association between the presence of nonreference alleles in each gene in the genome and parasite clearance half-life. A, −Log10 P values for all genes, with both the K13 protein (PF3D7_1343700) and PF3D7_1442600 achieving genome-wide significance. B, The percentage increase in mean squared error for the top 20 single-nucleotide polymorphisms or covariates in the random forests analysis. The presence of nonreference alleles in the K13 gene was the best predictor of parasite clearance half-life after the second principal component, which accounted for most of the population structure.