Table 1.
Timeline of computers in the ICU.
| Computer | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1946 | ENIAC introduced | |
| 1951 | IBM ERA 1103 introduced | |
| 1966 | HP 2115 introduced | |
|
| ||
| Electronic medical record | Computer systems for the ICU | |
|
| ||
| 1961 | Clinical decision support for diagnosis of hematologic disorders (Lipkin) | |
| 1964 | Marquette Electronics founded | |
| 1965 | Computerized respiratory monitoring (Stacy and Peters) | |
| 1966 | Computerized collection of vital signs (Shubin) | |
| 1969 | IDX System founded for revenue cycle management (utilizing MUMPS) | |
| 1973 | Computer assisted monitoring with trend analysis (Lauwers) | |
| 1975 | HP introduces Patient Data Management System (PDMS) | |
| 1976 | Clinical decision support for management of critically ill surgical patients (Siegel) | |
| 1977 | The Medical Record (TMR), Duke University Regenstrief Medical Record System (RMRS), Indiana University |
|
| 1978 | Problem Oriented Medical Record (POMR), University of Vermont Computer Stored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR), Harvard University (MUMPS) |
|
| 1979 | Epic Systems founded (MUMPS) | |
| 1980 | Computerized management system for ICU (Manzano) | |
| 1983 | Health Evaluation through Logical Processing (HELP), University of Utah | |
| 1986 | Computerized system for automating blood transfusion (Sheppard) | |
| 1997 | Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture (VistA) founded | HP introduces Carevue system Capsule Technologie introduces DataCaptor |
| 1999 | Excel Medical Electronics introduces Bedmaster XA | |
| 2000 | MedicaLogic founded | |
|
| ||
| Clinical Information Systems | ||
|
| ||
| 2003 | GE's Centricity Critical Care system introduced | |
| 2007 | Philips IntelliVue Clinical Information Portfolio (ICIP) Critical Care introduced | |