Table 2. Group comparison between happy and unhappy indigenous peoples (N = 2,200).

Explanatory variables	Unhappy (n = 297)	Happy (n = 1,903)	X2/t-test
Social exclusion domains
Medical benefits			14.82***
no need	0.17	0.24
not excluded	0.44	0.47
excluded	0.39	0.29
Housing benefits			25.85***
no need	0.13	0.25
not excluded	0.22	0.24
excluded	0.65	0.51
Child and youth benefits			3.78
no need	0.36	0.31
not excluded	0.27	0.28
excluded	0.37	0.41
Senior benefits			3.39
no need	0.42	0.45
not excluded	0.19	0.15
excluded	0.39	0.40
Unemployment benefits			17.60***
no need	0.51	0.64
not excluded	0.17	0.11
excluded	0.32	0.25
Financial assistances			86.86***
no need	0.14	0.42
not excluded	0.08	0.06
excluded	0.78	0.52
Socio-demographic characteristics
Gender			1.07
Male	0.47	0.44
Female	0.53	0.56
Age (42.33±12.26) a	46.55±11.12 a	41.67±12.30 a	6.43 b ***
under 55 years	0.77	0.85	9.31**
over 55 years	0.23	0.15
Educational level			75.08***
Elementary or lower	0.34	0.21
Junior high school	0.24	0.20
Senior high school	0.12	0.13
Vocational school	0.16	0.24
College or higher	0.14	0.22
Health status
Physical health status (good)	0.24	0.48	63.65*
Mental health problem (yes)	0.94	0.74	60.12*
Other external factors
Household income	2.89±2.79 a	4.41±3.32 a	-7.47 b ***
Religion			6.49**
Protestant	0.37	0.42
Catholic	0.22	0.24
Buddhist, or other	0.41	0.34
Geographic Region			12.53**
Remote mountain area	0.12	0.15
Highlands area	0.37	0.41
Plains area	0.51	0.44

*p<.05;

**p<.01;

***p<.001;

^aBrackets is the standard deviation;

^bT-test for continuous variable.