Table 1.
Frequencies of behavior change technique (BCT) use and mean change in self-reported physical activity (PA) and fat intake and plasma vitamin C and objectively measured PA (controlling for baseline behavior, sex, age, socioeconomic status and baseline body mass index) in users and nonusers of specific BCTs
| Mean change (SD) in the outcome | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCT used for PA | BCT used for diet | |||||||
| No | Yes | Total | p value | No | Yes | Total | p value | |
| Goal setting | 34 | 187 | 221 | 26 | 196 | 222 | ||
| 15.40 % | 84.60 % | 11.70 % | 88.30 % | |||||
| n in ANCOVA | 33 | 182 | 26 | 189 | ||||
| Self-reported (PA and fat %) | −0.31 (5.58) | 1.10 (6.98) | 0.070 | 0.50 (4.45) | −1.10 (6.24) | 0.046 | ||
| F(1,210) = 3.47, η 2 = .016 | F(1,208) = 4.03, η 2 = .019 | |||||||
| 30 | 175 | 25 | 177 | |||||
| Objectively measured (PA and vit C) | 32.43 (14.05) | 34.84 (17.83) | 0.533 | 2.63 (16.85) | 1.37 (24.62) | 0.676 | ||
| F(1,198) = .390, η 2 = .002 | F(1,195) = .176, η 2 = .001 | |||||||
| Action planning | 54 | 166 | 220 | 43 | 178 | 221 | ||
| 24.50 % | 75.50 % | 19.50 % | 80.50 % | |||||
| 52 | 162 | 43 | 171 | |||||
| Self-reported (PA and fat %) | −0.03 (6.99) | 1.20 (6.71) | 0.325 | −0.12 (5.60) | −1.10 (6.19) | 0.239 | ||
| F(1,207) = 0.972, η 2 = .005 | F(1,207) = 1.39, η 2 = .007 | |||||||
| 50 | 155 | 38 | 163 | |||||
| Objectively measured (PA and vit C) | 35.75 (17.23) | 34.23 (17.59) | 0.919 | −0.15 (15.88) | 1.94 (25.35) | 0.745 | ||
| F(1,198) = .010, η 2 = .000 | F(1,194) = .106, η 2 = .001 | |||||||
| Using prompts/reminders | 84 | 134 | 218 | 73 | 146 | 219 | ||
| 38.50 % | 61.50 % | 33.30 % | 66.70 % | |||||
| 80 | 132 | 71 | 141 | |||||
| Self-reported (PA and fat %) | 0.74 (7.03) | 0.96 (6.78) | 0.407 | −0.65 (6.37) | −1.09 (5.96) | 0.643 | ||
| F(1,205) = .691, η 2 = .003 | F(1,205) = .227, η 2 = .001 | |||||||
| 79 | 125 | 67 | 133 | |||||
| Objectively measured (PA and vit C) | 35.04 (18.03) | 34.64 (17.17) | 0.451 | 1.91 (22.20) | 1.31 (24.77) | 0.660 | ||
| F(1,197) = .571 η 2 = .003 | F(1,193) = .194, η 2 = .001 | |||||||
| Motivating oneself | 44 | 176 | 220 | 34 | 185 | 219 | ||
| 20 % | 80 % | 15.50 % | 84.50 % | |||||
| 41 | 173 | 32 | 180 | |||||
| Self-reported (PA and fat %) | −0.11 (5.01) | 1.07 | 0.085 | −0.56 (4.21) | −0.99 (6.34) | 0.466 | ||
| F(1,207) = 2.99, η 2 = .014 | F(1,205) = .533, η 2 = .003 | |||||||
| 40 | 165 | 30 | 169 | |||||
| Objectively measured (PA and vit C) | 32.85 (14.76) | 35.21 (18.035) | 0.152 | 0.80 (19.01) | 1.71 (24.65) | 0.715 | ||
| F(1,198) = 2.065, η 2 = .010 | F(1,192) = .133, η 2 = .001 | |||||||
| Social support | 81 | 139 | 220 | 58 | 162 | 220 | ||
| 36.80 % | 63.20 % | 26.40 % | 73.60 % | |||||
| 79 | 135 | 57 | 156 | |||||
| Self-reported (PA and fat %) | 0.61 (6.26) | 1.03 (7.15) | 0.414 | −0.07 (5.99) | −0.1.17 (6.10) | 0.357 | ||
| F(1,207) = .669, η 2 = .003 | F(1,206) = .852, η 2 = .004 | |||||||
| 75 | 130 | 55 | 145 | |||||
| Objectively measured (PA and vit C) | 33.64 (15.85) | 35.04 (18.25) | 0.099 | 0.84 (17.96) | 1.52 (25.59) | 0.487 | ||
| F(1,198) = 2.755, η 2 = .014 | F(1,193) = .484, η 2 = .003 | |||||||
| Self-monitoring | 64 | 156 | 220 | 70 | 151 | 221 | ||
| 29.10 % | 70.90 % | 31.70 % | 68.30 % | |||||
| 61 | 153 | 68 | 146 | |||||
| Self-reported (PA and fat %) | 0.83 (4.83) | 0.87 (7.49) | 0.323 | −.24 (6.02) | −1.20 (6.10) | 0.082 | ||
| F(1,207) = .983, η 2 = .005 | F(1,207) = 3.06, η 2 = .015 | |||||||
| 65 | 136 | |||||||
| Objectively measured (PA and vit C) | 35.99 (16.22) | 34.06 (17.98) | 0.141 | −0.44 (18.48) | 2.49 (26.01) | 0.181 | ||
| F(1,198) = .141, η 2 = .001 | F(1,194) = 1.799, η 2 = .009 | |||||||
| Goal review | 69 | 152 | 221 | 67 | 154 | 221 | ||
| 31.20 % | 68.80 % | 30.30 % | 69.70 % | |||||
| 67 | 148 | 65 | ||||||
| Self-reported (PA and fat %) | 1.05 (5.52) | 0.74 (7.35) | 0.820 | 1.02 (5.57) | −1.74 (6.12) | 0.001 | ||
| F(1,208) = .052, η 2 = .000 | F(1,207) = 11.44, η 2 = .052 | |||||||
| 65 | 141 | 64 | 137 | |||||
| Objectively measured (PA and vit C) | 35.86 (17.01) | 34.11 (17.67) | 0.620 | −2.92 (22.89) | 3.63 (24.05) | 0.042 | ||
| F(1,198) = .247, η 2 = .001 | F(1,194) = 4.19, η 2 = .021 | |||||||
| Preparing for/dealing with setbacks | 85 | 136 | 221 | 73 | 148 | 221 | ||
| 38.50 % | 61.50 % | 33 % | 67 % | |||||
| 81 | 134 | 71 | 143 | |||||
| Self-reported (PA and fat %) | 0.73 (5.84) | 0.91 (7.37) | 0.542 | 0.11 (5.96) | −1.40 (6.09) | 0.021 | ||
| F(1,208) = .374, η 2 = .002 | F(1,207) = 5.39, η 2 = .025 | |||||||
| 79 | 127 | 68 | 133 | |||||
| Objectively measured (PA and vit C) | 37.04 (17.97) | 33.18 (17.01) | 0.385 | −0.71 (21.46) | 2.70 (24.95) | 0.279 | ||
| F(1,199) = .757, η 2 = .004 | F(1,194) = 1.18, η 2 = .006 | |||||||
Self-reported PA is reported as total METs per day