Table 1.

Inhibitors and inducers of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and drug transporters involved in drug metabolism.

CYP450 Substrates		Inhibitor		Inducer
		Psychotropic	Other	Psychotropic	Other
1A2	Caffeine Theophyline TCAs Ropinirole Duloxetine Mirtazapine Clozapine Haloperidol Olanzapine Asenapine Tacrine Zolmitriptan	Fluvoxamine+++ Fluoxetine+ Paroxetine+ Sertraline+	Cimetidine+ Omeprazole Fluoroquinolones Ticlopidine	Phenobarbital Secobarbital Carbamazepine Phenytoin	Modafinil Tobacco Charcoal-grilled meat Rifampin
2C9	Warfarin Losartan NSAIDs Glipizide ARBs	Valproic acid+ Fluoxetine++	Fluconazole+++ Miconazole++ Amiodarone++	Secobarbital Carbamazepine	Rifampin
2C19	BZDs PPIs SSRIs (citalopram) Amitriptyline	Fluvoxamine+++ Fluoxetine+	Ketoconazole Cimetidine Omeprazole Lansoprazole	Carbamazepine Valproic acid Phenobarbital Phenytoin	Rifampin
2D6	β-blockers Class 1C antiarrhythmics Codeine Amitriptyline Sertraline Haloperidol TCAs Risperidone Iloperidone Tramadol Venlafaxine Duloxetine Aripiprazole	Bupropion+++ Fluoxetine+++ Paroxetine+++ Duloxetine++ Sertraline+ Citalopram+ Escitalopram+ Haloperidol+ Thioridazine+	Terbinafine++ Quinidine+++ Cimetidine+ Amiodarone+ Mibefradil+ Ritonavir+	None	None
3A4	Acetominophen BZDs Statins Macrolides Quinidine Indinavir, Ritonavir Amlodipine, Felodopine Diltiazem Atorvastatin Buspirone Sertraline Venlafaxine Mirtazapine Haloperidol Iloperidone Trazodone	Fluvoxamine+++ Nefazodone+++	Clarithromycin+++ Erythromycin++ Troleandomycin++ Fluconazole+++ Ketoconazole+++ Itraconazole+++ Indinavir+++ Cimetidine+ Verapamil++ Diltiazem++	Carbamazepine+++ Phenytoin+++ Phenobarbital++ St. John’s Wort++ Morphine+ Nicotine+ Topiramate+ Felbamate+	Rifampin+++ Ritonavir++ Indinavir++ Efavirenz Pioglitazone Glucocorticoids
UGT	FGAs SGAs TCAs NSAIDs Carvedilol Furosemide Morphine Tramadol Lorazepam Oxazepam	Diclofenac+++ NSAIDs++ Probenecid++ Valproic acid+		Carbamazepine++ Phenytoin++ Phenobarbital++ Lamotrigine+	Rifampin+ Carbapenems+
OATP1A2	Atenolol Ciprofloxacin Pravastatin		Grapefruit juice Verapamil
OATP2B1	Statins		Grapefruit juice Cyclosporine
OAT1	Captopril Furosemide		Indomethacin Olmesartan Probenecid
OAT3	Furosemide Olmesartan Pravastatin		Gemfibrozil Indomethacin
OCT2	Amatadine Lamivudine Metformin Ranitidine		Bisoprolol Carvedilol Ranitidine
MDR1 (P-gp)	Digoxin Fexofenadine Ritonavir TCAs Atypical antipsychotics SSRIs Topiramate Gabapentin Carbamazepine Lamotrigine	Trifluperazine Fluphenazine Haloperidol Amitriptyline Flurazepam	Clarithromycin Cyclosporine Itraconazole Verapamil	Midazolam Phenobarbital Phenytoin Hypericum Morphine Nicotine	Clotrimazole Nifedipine Troglitazone

ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BZD, benzodiazepine; PPI, proton pump inhibitors; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant; FGA, first generation antipsychotics; SGA, second generation antipsychotics; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Relative inhibition: + = (negligible-low); ++ = (moderate); +++ = (high)