Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects (N = 342)
| Characteristics | Non diabetic controls (NDC) (N = 104) | T2DM patients without DR (DNR) (N = 160) | P value | T2DM patients with DR (N = 78) | P value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDC vs DNR | NDC vs DR | DNR vs DR | ||||
| Mean Age (Yrs ± SD) | 46.81 ± 10.32 | 55.64 ± 10.23 | 4.702 ×10 −10 | 57.86 ± 8.67 | 1.403 ×10 −11 | 0.101 |
| Gender: Males | 44 (42.3%) | 58 (36.3%) | 0.3252 | 36 (46.2%) | 0.6073 | >0.05 |
| Gender: Females | 60 (57.7%) | 102 (63.8%) | 42 (53.8%) | |||
| Mean Glucose levels (mmole/lit) ± SD | 5.36 ± 0.97 | 10.55 ± 6.68 | 2.5×10 −8 | 9.92 ± 4.23 | 1.2 × 10 −12 | 0.491 |
| BMI (mean) | 30.41 ± 6.70 | 34.08 ± 6.99 | 5.3 × 10 −5 | 33.92 ± 6.53 | 0.001 | 0.867 |
| Creatinine level (micromole/lit) ± SD | 72.44 ± 36.81 | 69.30 ± 28.55 | 0.529 | 81.5 ± 45.27 | 0.236 | 0.025 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) mean% ± SD (mmol/mol) | 5.63 ± 0.42 (38) | 8.24 ± 1.72 (67) | 5.2 × 10 −9 | 8.82 ± 1.83 (73) | 4.39 × 10 −10 | 0.032 |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/lit) mean ± SD | 5.07 ± 0.87 | 4.88 ± 0.99 | 0.253 | 4.62 ± 1.08 | 0.022 | 0.105 |
| HDL (mmol/lit) mean ± SD | 1.40 ± 0.34 | 1.22 ± 0.34 | 0.003 | 1.21 ± 0.34 | 0.008 | 0.930 |
| LDL (mmol/lit) mean ± SD | 3.11 ± 0.77 | 2.95 ± 0.94 | 0.299 | 2.68 ± 1.04 | 0.021 | 0.085 |
| HDL/LDL ratio (mean ± SD) | 0.48 ± 0.18 | 0.45 ± 0.19 | 0.457 | 0.55 ± 0.33 | 0.186 | 0.015 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/lit) mean ± SD | 1.24 ± 0.56 | 1.77 ± 1.23 | 0.006 | 1.62 ± 0.75 | 0.005 | 0.394 |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (mmol/lit) mean ± SD | 5.14 ± 2.42 | 5.24 ± 2.54 | 0.793 | 6.97 ± 4.49 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| DR subtypes: No DR: BDR/NPDR: PDR:DME | 104:0:0:0 | 160:0:0:0 | NA | 0:19(24.4%):10(12.8%):49(62.8%) | NA | NA |
| Presence of 1° Family history of diabetes | 4/109 (3.67%) | 45/160 (28.4%) | 1.86 × 10 −6 | 19/78 (24.4%) | 0.0002 | 0.641 |
| Usage of Hypoglycemics | 0 | 136 (85.0%) | NA | 63 (80.8%) | NA | 0.457 |
| Usage of Insulin | 0 | 66 (41.3%) | NA | 56 (71.8%) | NA | 9.36 × 10 −6 |
| Fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mM | 60 (37.5%) | NA | 23 (29.5%) | NA | 0.248 | |
| Gestational diabetes in females (n;%) | 7 (11.7%)/60 | 48 (47.06%)/102 | 0.00011 | 22 (52.4%)/42 | 0.00023 | 0.714 |
| Diabetes occurrence after pregnancy | 0/65 | 28 (27.5%)/102 | NA | 14 (33.3%)/42 | NA | 0.546 |
NDC = Non diabetic controls; T2DM = Type 2 Diabetes mellitus; DNR = Diabetic non-retinopathy; DR = Diabetic retinopathy; NPDR = Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR = Proliferative diabetic retinopathy; BDR = Background diabetic retinopathy; DME = Diabetic macular edema; NA = not applicable; significant values shown in bold.