Table 2.
Associations between Plasmodium falciparum genetic mutations and IC 50 values for chloroquine (CQ), piperaquine (PQ), naphthoquine (NQ), pyronaridine (PY), lumefantrine (LM), dihydroartemisinin (DHA), artesunate (AS) artemether (AM)
| pfcrt | Wild-type (CVMNK) | Mixed | Mutant |
|---|---|---|---|
| CQ | 12 (n = 1) | 30 (n = 1) | 96 (79–117) (n = 39) |
| NQ | 5.9 (n = 1) | 0.6 (n = 1) | 4.3 (3.9-5.9) (n = 37) |
| PQ | 13.0 (n = 1) | 11.4 (n = 1) | 21.3 (16.8-27.0) (n = 39) |
| PY | 32.5 (n = 1) | 2.2 (n = 1) | 7.4 (5.5-9.8) (n = 36) |
| LM | 17.8 (n = 1) | 2.0 (n = 1) | 1.5 (1.0-2.0) (n = 34) |
| DHA | 6.6 (n = 1) | 3.8 (n = 1) | 5.0 (3.0-6.4) (n = 40) |
| AS | 6.6 (n = 1)) | 2.1 (n = 1) | 5.4 (3.7-8.0) (n = 38) |
| AM | 6.4 (n = 1) | 3.3 (n = 1) | 6.3 (5.0-7.8) (n = 39) |
| dhps | Wild-type (SAKAA) | Mixed | Mutant |
| CQ | 84 (59–118) (n = 17) | 192 (39–944) (n = 3) | 72 (41–124) (n = 8) |
| NQ | 4.6 (2.4-8.8) (n = 16) | 7.2 (3.1-16.4) (n = 3) | 3.4 (1.7-6.8) (n = 8) |
| PQ | 18.6 (12.4-27.9) (n = 17) | 31.9 (19.7-51.7) (n = 3) | 17.8 (9.2-34.2) (n = 8) |
| PY | 8.0 (4.7-13.6) (n = 17) | 9.0 (3.1-26.3) (n = 3) | 7.3 (2.8-18.9) (n = 7) |
| LM | 2.1 (1.0-4.4) (n = 16) | 1.5 (1.5-1.6) (n = 3) | 1.3 (0.9-2.0) (n = 6) |
| DHA | 4.5 (3.0-6.7) (n = 17) | 7.6 (0.8-72.6) (n = 3) | 7.0 (3.2-15.1) (n = 8) |
| AS | 6.2 (4.2-9.2) (n = 17) | 8.0 (5.6-11.5) (n = 3) | 6.9 (2.8-16.9) (n = 8) |
| AM | 6.2 (4.2-9.2) (n = 17) | 6.9 (4.7 -10.2) (n = 3) | 5.7 (3.4-9.4) (n = 8) |
| dhfr | Wild-type (NCSI) | Mixed # | Mutant |
| CQ | - | 161 (22–1195) (n = 3) | 89 (71–112) (n = 33) |
| NQ | - | 4.7 (2.0-10.1) (n = 3) | 4.1 (2.8-5.9) (n = 32) |
| PQ | - | 17.39 (2.7-113.3) (n = 3) | 20.5 (15.9-26.5) (n = 34) |
| PY | - | 3.9 (0.6-27.4) (n = 3) | 7.7 (5.5-10.7) (n = 32) |
| LM | - | 1.2 (0.5-2.7) (n = 3) | 1.6 (1.0-2.4) (n = 30) |
| DHA | - | 8.0 (0.8-72.3) (n = 3) | 4.9 (3.7-6.5) (n = 34) |
| AS | - | 7.4 (4.1-13.4) (n = 3) | 5.7 (3.8-8.5) (n = 33) |
| AM | - | 7.5 (2.2-26) (n = 3) | 6.2 (4.8-7.9) (n = 34) |
| pfmdr1 | Wild-type (NYSND) | Mixed | Mutant |
| CQ | - | 39 (12–125) (n = 3) | 96 (77–122) (n = 33)* |
| NQ | - | 1.5 (1.5-1.5) (n = 2) | 4.4 (3.1-6.2) (n = 32) |
| PQ | - | 11.5 (6.6-20.1) (n = 3) | 20.9 (16.2-27.1) (n = 34) |
| PY | - | 2.2 (0.0-217.1) (n = 2) | 7.8 (5.7-10.9) (n = 32) |
| LM | - | 0.8 (0.2-2.8) (n = 3) | 1.7 (1.1-2.5) (n = 30) |
| DHA | - | 4.7 (2.9-7.6) (n = 3) | 5.1 (3.8-6.8) (n = 34) |
| AS | - | 3.8 (0.5-30.6) (n = 3) | 5.8 (3.9-8.7) (n = 33) |
| AM | - | 5.9 (2.5-13.6) (n = 3) | 6.4 (5.0-8.2) (n = 34) |
Values are given as geometric mean (95% confidence interval [where applicable]) with (number of paired observations).
*P < 0.05 by Mann–Whitney U test; #‘Mixed’ corresponds to a mix of NRNI and NRTI, since no wild types were found.