Table 2.
Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function
| Variables | Control group |
Experimental group |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| baseline | after intervention | baseline | after intervention | |
| Digit symbol | 36.41 ± 18.59 | 29.64 ± 8.00* | 32.48 ± 11.21 | 38.87 ± 8.03* |
| Similarities test | 17.68 ± 3.81 | 18.55 ± 2.77 | 17.09 ± 3.82 | 18.48 ± 2.94* |
| Mental control | 5.05 ± 1.17 | 5.36 ± 0.90 | 5.04 ± 1.30 | 5.52 ± 0.85 |
| Picture arrangement | 8.77 ± 2.79 | 9.50 ± 3.20 | 9.65 ± 4.79 | 11.70 ± 2.75* |
| Block design | 18.32 ± 7.43 | 18.82 ± 5.59 | 17.91 ± 12.66 | 23.83 ± 9.61* |
| ROCF test | ||||
| Copy | 32.20 ± 3.76 | 33.0 ± 2.9 | 32.09 ± 4.12 | 33.24 ± 2.33 |
| Immediate recall | 11.68 ± 6.97 | 13.0 ± 7.4 | 14.50 ± 7.61 | 16.33 ± 7.01* |
| Delayed recall | 11.91 ± 6.94 | 12.4 ± 7.7 | 13.35 ± 7.70 | 15.24 ± 7.37 |
| Digit span | ||||
| Forward | 5.73 ± 2.31 | 5.64 ± 2.04 | 5.57 ± 1.93 | 7.26 ± 1.66* |
| Backward | 5.14 ± 2.49 | 5.59 ± 2.20 | 5.48 ± 2.43 | 6.00 ± 1.91 |
| Toulouse-Piéron test | ||||
| Number of cancellations | 91.95 ± 33.10 | 83.68 ± 27.23 | 77.70 ± 25.70 | 99.43 ± 31.91* |
| Number of errors | 9.59 ± 7.59 | 9.50 ± 8.12 | 9.04 ± 11.45 | 5.43 ± 5.53 |
| WCST | ||||
| Number of trials | 67.09 ± 17.10 | 69.59 ± 16.19 | 64.39 ± 24.44 | 88.74 ± 13.69*, # |
| Number of errors | 61.05 ± 18.38 | 58.41 ± 16.19 | 59.83 ± 22.72 | 39.26 ± 13.69*# |
| Categories | 3.59 ± 2.13 | 3.77 ± 1.97 | 4.09 ± 2.48 | 6.35 ± 2.27*# |
Data are presented as means ± SD. ANOVA for repeated measurement followed by the Duncan post hoc test.
*
p ≤ 0.05 vs. baseline intragroup condition
#
p ≤ 0.05 vs. postintervention intergroup condition.