Table 4.

PM and carbonaceous soot emission rates using different fuels. Change (%) is the percent change compared to ULSD for the same engine condition.

Engine condition	Fuel	PM		Soot		SOF
		(mg/s)	Change (%)	(mg/s)	Change (%)	(Unitless)	Change (%)
Idle	ULSD	0.11 ± 0.01		0.009 ± 0.003		0.92 ± 0.04
	Swedish	0.02 ± 0.00a	−82	0.003 ± 0.000a	−67	0.85 ± 0.02a	−8
	B100	0.60 ± 0.06a	445	0.003 ± 0.000a	−67	1.00 ± 0.00	9
Low-load	ULSD	0.44 ± 0.02		0.25 ± 0.02		0.43 ± 0.02
	Swedish	0.41 ± 0.07	−7	0.27 ± 0.00	8	0.33 ± 0.12	−23
	B100	0.14 ± 0.01a	−68	0.022 ± 0.001a	−91	0.84 ± 0.01a	95
High-load	ULSD	3.42 ± 0.08		2.9 ± 0.1		0.15 ± 0.04
	Swedish	2.48 ± 0.03a	−27	1.9 ± 0.1a	−34	0.21 ± 0.03	40
	B100	0.65 ± 0.06a	−81	0.14 ± 0.01a	−95	0.78 ± 0.00*	420

SOF: soluble organic fraction. SOF + (PM − soot)/PM.

^aDiffered significantly from ULSD under the same engine condition (p < 0.05 using two-sample t-test).