Table 1.

Descriptive statistics

		Males (N = 4222)		Females (N = 4207)
Variable	Description	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Dependent variable
STI c	Equal to 1 if respondent has been diagnosed with an STI, 0 otherwise	0.018	0.134	0.046	0.209
Baseline respondent characteristics
Dropout c	Equal to 1 if respondent has dropped out of high school, 0 otherwise	0.040	0.197	0.036	0.185
Age 15 b	Equal to 1 if respondent is 15 years old, 0 otherwise	0.039	0.193	0.033	0.179
Age 16 b	Equal to 1 if respondent is 16 years old, 0 otherwise	0.330	0.470	0.362	0.481
Age 17 b	Equal to 1 if respondent is 17 years old, 0 otherwise	0.321	0.467	0.325	0.468
Age 18 b	Equal to 1 if respondent is 18 years old, 0 otherwise	0.225	0.418	0.213	0.409
Age 19 b	Equal to 1 if respondent is 19 years old, 0 otherwise	0.075	0.263	0.062	0.241
Hispanic b	Equal to 1 if respondent is Hispanic, 0 otherwise	0.125	0.330	0.116	0.321
Black b	Equal to 1 if respondent is Mack, 0 otherwise	0.163	0.369	0.174	0.380
White b	Equal to 1 if respondent is white, 0 otherwise	0.732	0.443	0.724	0.447
Other non-white b	Equal to 1 if respondent is of an other non-white race, 0 otherwise	0.147	0.354	0.139	0.346
U.S. born b	Equal to 1 if respondent was born in the United States, 0 otherwise	0.939	0.240	0.921	0.269
Family characteristics
Moved b	Equal to 1 if family moved between waves I and II, 0 otherwise	0.055	0.228	0.057	0.232
Only child a	Equal to 1 if respondent is an only child, 0 otherwise	0.193	0.394	0.195	0.396
Only child missing a	Equal to 1 if only child information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.006	0.076	0.005	0.068
No religion b	Equal to 1 if respondent has no religion, 0 otherwise	0.157	0.364	0.131	0.338
Baptist b	Equal to 1 if respondent is Baptist, 0 otherwise	0.207	0.405	0.221	0.415
Christian church b	Equal to 1 if respondent attends Christian church (Disciples of Christ), 0 otherwise	0.089	0.285	0.082	0.274
Mormon b	Equal to 1 if respondent is Mormon, 0 otherwise	0.011	0.103	0.013	0.112
Methodist b	Equal to 1 if respondent is Methodist, 0 otherwise	0.054	0.226	0.060	0.237
Catholic b	Equal to 1 if respondent is Catholic, 0 otherwise	0.254	0.436	0.250	0.433
Jewish b	Equal to 1 if respondent is Jewish, 0 otherwise	0.009	0.092	0.010	0.102
Protestant b	Equal to 1 if respondent is Protestant, 0 otherwise	0.038	0.192	0.025	0.157
Other religion b	Equal to 1 if respondent is of another religion, 0 otherwise	0.180	0.384	0.208	0.406
Religion missing b	Equal to 1 if religion information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.005	0.070	0.005	0.068
Church attendance 1 c	Equal to 1 if respondent did not attend church last year, 0 otherwise	0.269	0.443	0.220	0.414
Church attendance 2 c	Equal to 1 if respondent went to church less than once per month last year, 0 otherwise	0.183	0.386	0.194	0.396
Church attendance 3 c	Equal to 1 if went to church at least once per month last year, 0 otherwise	0.525	0.499	0.571	0.495
Church attend. missing c	Equal to 1 if church attendance information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.023	0.151	0.015	0.122
Mother's education 1 a	Equal to 1 if mother has less than a high school degree, 0 otherwise	0.143	0.350	0.168	0.374
Mother's education 2 a	Equal to 1 if mother has high school degree or GED, 0 otherwise	0.323	0.468	0.329	0.470
Mother's education 3 a	Equal to 1 if mother has more schooling than a high school degree, 0 otherwise	0.419	0.494	0.419	0.493
Mother's educ. missing a	Equal to 1 if mother's education information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.116	0.320	0.084	0.278
Father's education 1 a	Equal to 1 if father has less than a high school degree, 0 otherwise	0.107	0.309	0.112	0.315
Father's education 2 a	Equal to 1 if father has high school degree or GED, 0 otherwise	0.224	0.417	0.225	0.418
Father's education 3 a	Equal to 1 if father has more schooling than a high school degree, 0 otherwise	0.363	0.481	0.336	0.472
Father's educ. missing a	Equal to 1 if father's education information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.306	0.461	0.326	0.469
Father present a	Equal to 1 if biological father was present at the time of wave I, 0 otherwise	0.529	0.499	0.519	0.500
Father present missing a	Equal to 1 if information on biological father's presence is missing, 0 otherwise	0.117	0.321	0.126	0.331
Parental income 1 a	Equal to 1 if total household income is less than 40k, 0 otherwise	0.379	0.485	0.381	0.486
Parental income 2 a	Equal to 1 if total household income is between 40k and 80k, 0 otherwise	0.308	0.462	0.291	0.455
Parental income 3 a	Equal to 1 if total household income is greater than 80k, 0 otherwise	0.097	0.297	0.105	0.306
Parental income missing a	Equal to 1 if total household income information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.215	0.411	0.223	0.416
Public assistance a	Equal to 1 if mother receives public assistance, such as welfare, 0 otherwise	0.099	0.299	0.100	0.300
Public assistance missing a	Equal to 1 if information on public assistance is missing, 0 otherwise	0.014	0.119	0.004	0.067
Sex disapproval c	Equal to 1 if respondent thinks mother strongly disapproves of him/her having sex, 0 otherwise	0.382	0.486	0.551	0.498
Sex disapproval missing c	Equal to 1 if information on mother's disapproval is missing, 0 otherwise	0.070	0.255	0.053	0.225
Additional respondent characteristics
PVT score a	Add Health Picture and Vocabulary Test score	97.33	25.36	96.35	24.50
PVT score missing a	Equal to 1 if Picture and Vocabulary Test score is missing	0.045	0.208	0.040	0.197
College goals c	Scale of respondent's college aspirations (1 = low aspirations, 5 = high aspirations)	4.047	1.405	4.163	1.432
College goals missing c	Equal to 1 if college aspirations information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.033	0.179	0.053	0.223
Life expectancy c	Scale of odds respondent thinks he/she will live to 35 (1 = almost no chance, 5 = almost certain)	4.229	0.941	4.331	0.883
Life expectancy missing c	Equal to 1 if life expectancy information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.003	0.055	0.004	0.061
Gut feeling c	Scale reflecting if respondent makes decisions based on a “gut feeling” without thinking about the consequences (1 = strongly agrees he/she goes with “gut feeling”, 5 = strongly disagrees he/she goes with “gut feeling”)	2.957	1.155	3.187	1.156
Gut feeling missing c	Equal to 1 if “gut feeling” information is missing, 0 otherwise	0.003	0.057	0.004	0.061

^aMeasured during wave I and only included in the OLS analysis

^bMeasured during wave II and only included in the OLS analysis

^cMeasured during both waves and included in the OLS analysis and the fixed effects analysis. Wave II values were used for the OLS analysis.