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(a) Upconversion process of Nd3+ → Yb3+ → Er3+(Tm3+) tridopants system with 800 nm excitation. (b) Spectra profiles of tissue optical window. The extinction coefficient of water at 800 nm is about 20 timers lower than that at 980 nm (Hb: hemoglobin; HbO2: oxyhemoglobin). (c) In vivo heating effect induced by laser irradiation with 808 and 980 nm. (Reprinted with permission from refs (39) and (40). Copyright 2013 John Wiley and Sons and 2013 American Chemical Society.)
