Table 2.
Patient-, stone- and operation-related data and PCNL outcomes
| Mean age (SE, range), year | 49.38 ± 12.63 (0.70, 16–78) | ||
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| Age groups | 15–44 years, n (%) | 114 (34.6%) | |
| 45–59 years, n (%) | 139 (42.1%) | ||
| ≥ 60 years, n (%) | 77 (23.3%) | ||
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| Male/female ratio, n (%) | 184 (55.8%)/146 (44.2%) | ||
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| Mean BMI (SE, range), kg/m2 | 28.03 ± 4.79 (0.27, 15.88–46.71) | ||
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| BMI groups | |||
| <25 kg/m2, n (%) | 94 (28.5%) | ||
| 25–29.9 kg/m2, n (%) | 128 (38.8%) | ||
| ≥30 kg/m2, n (%) | 108 (32.7%) | ||
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| Mean preoperative hemoglobin (SE, range), g/dL | 13.39 ± 1.63 (0.09, 9.1–19.1) | ||
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| Mean preoperative serum creatinine (SE, range), mg/dL | 1.14 ± 0.62 (0.03, 0.50–8.80) | ||
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| Hypertension, n (%) | 111 (33.6%) | ||
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| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 64 (19.4%) | ||
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| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 25 (7.6%) | ||
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| Previous stone surgery (open, PCNL) at the same side, n (%) | 89 (27.0%) | ||
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| Previous ESWL at the same side, n (%) | 139 (42.1%) | ||
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| Renal dysfunction (preoperative serum creatinine >1.4 mg/dl), n (%) | 27 (8.2%) | ||
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| Anatomic upper urinary tract abnormality, n (%) | |||
| Duplication of collecting system, n (%) | 3 (0.9%) | ||
| Single kidney, n (%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
| Polycystic kidney, n (%) | 8 (2.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | |
| Medullary sponge kidney, n (%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
| Malrotation of kidney, n (%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
| Lower calyx diverticulum, n (%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
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| Pre-operative urinary tract infection, n (%) | 99 (30%) | ||
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| Significant (moderate-severe) hydronephrosis, n (%) | 194 (58.8%) | ||
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| Mean stone burden (SE, range), millimeter | 35.11 ± 17.09 (0.95, 10–200) | ||
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| Stone number (single/multiple), n (%) | 87 (26.4%)/243 (73.6%) | ||
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| Stone opacity (radio-opaque/radiolucent), n (%) | 285 (86.4%)/45 (13.6%) | ||
| Stone location | Only one calyx, n (%) | 71 (21.5%) | ||
| Only pelvis, n (%) | 55 (16.7%) | |||
| Only upper ureter, n (%) | 8 (2.4%) | |||
| Multiple locations, n (%) | 163 (49.4%) | |||
| Staghorn, n (%) | 33 (10.0%) | |||
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| Complex stones, n (%) | 196 (59.4%) | |||
| Type of anesthesia | General, n (%) | 320 (97.0%) | ||
| Spinal, n (%) | 10 (3.0%) | |||
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| Kidney side (right/left), n (%) | 170 (51.5%)/160 (48.5%) | |||
| Imaging for access | Fluoroscopy, n (%) | 301 (91.2%) | ||
| Ultrasonography, n (%) | 29 (8.8%) | |||
| Upper calyx group, n (%) | 21 (6.4%) | |||
| Calyx for access | Middle calyx group, n (%) | 77 (23.3%) | ||
| Lower calyx group, n (%) | 219 (66.4%) | |||
| Multiple calices group, n (%) | 13 (3.9%) | |||
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| Number of tract (single / multiple), n (%) | 300 (90.9%)/30 (9.1%) | |||
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| Tubeless approach (without nephrostomy tube insertion), n (%) | 307 (93.0%) | |||
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| Mean operative time (SE, range), minute | 57.16 ± 28.94 (1.65, 10–195) | |||
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| Mean postoperative hospital Stay (SE, range), day | 2.23 ± 1.18 (0.06, 1–9) | |||
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| Mean postoperative hemoglobin (SE, range), g/dL | 12.13 ± 1.88 (0.10, 7.0–16.5) | |||
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| Mean postoperative hemoglobin drop (SE, range), g/dL | 1.27 ± 1.33 (0.07, 0.0–7.5) | |||
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| Stone-free result | Stone-free, n (%) | 254 (77.0%) | ||
| Residual fragments, n (%) | 76 (23.0%) | |||
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| Success (stone-free or residual fragments <4 mm at one day after operation), n (%) | 279 (84.5%) | |||
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| Complication, n (%) | 65 (19.7%) | |||
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| Blood transfusion, n (%) | 42 (12.7%) | |||
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| Transient low-grade fever, n (%) | 25 (7.6%) | |||
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| Significant life-threatening bleeding (gross hematuria, hematoma, hemoperitoneum), n (%) | 15 (4.5%) | |||
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| MCC of complications | Grade 0, n (%) | 265 (80.3%) | ||
| Grade I, n (%) | 21 (6.4%) | |||
| Grade II, n (%) | 37 (11.2%) | |||
| Grade ≥ III, n (%) | Grade III, n (%) | 5 (1.5%) | ||
| Grade IV, n (%) | 7 (2.1%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
| Grade V, n (%) | 1 (0.3%) | |||
SE: standard error of the mean; MCC: modified Clavien classification; PCNL: percutaneous nephrolithotomy; BMI: body mass index; ESWL: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy