Table 4. Estimated prevalence and associations of cystatin C CKD 3–5 (Grubb-defined eGFR <60ml/min/1.73m2) with socio-economic and clinical factors.
| Variable | Estimated prevalence of cystatin C (Grubb) eGFR <60ml/min/1.73m2 | Associations of cystatin C (Grubb) eGFR <60ml/min/1.73m2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Age sex adjusted | Multivariable † | |||
| Row % | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||
| Sex | Male | 7.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 7.9 | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 0.87 (0.69–1.08) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | |
| Age | 16–34 | 0.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 34–54 | 1.9 | 3.62 (1.82–7.21)** | 3.61 (1.81–7.20) ** | 3.02 (1.41–6.45) ** | |
| 55–64 | 6.3 | 12.44 (6.35–24.38)** | 12.46 (6.36–24.43) ** | 7.53 (3.50–16.22) ** | |
| 65–74 | 15.9 | 33.63 (17.50–64.64)** | 33.72 (17.54–64.82) ** | 19.19 (9.06–40.68) ** | |
| 75+ | 44.3 | 140.37 (79.94–266.48)** | 142.24 (74.89–270.17) ** | 77.38 (36.44–164.29) ** | |
| Qualification | Degree | 2.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Below degree | 5.3 | 2.61 (1.74–3.93) ** | 2.16 (1.40–3.33) ** | 1.91 (1.16–3.14)* | |
| None | 20.3 | 11.84 (7.90–17.75) ** | 3.35 (2.16–5.20) ** | 2.67 (1.60–4.45) ** | |
| Smoker | Never | 5.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Ex | 12.9 | 2.40 (1.94–2.98) ** | 2.42 (1.75–3.34) ** | 2.21 (1.51–3.23) ** | |
| Current | 6.4 | 1.11 (0.85–1.47) ** | 1.41 (1.1–1.81) ** | 1.23 (0.91–1.67) | |
| BMI | Normal | 3.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Overweight | 6.9 | 1.86 (1.39–2.48) ** | 1.32 (0.96–1.83) | 1.35 (0.94–1.95) | |
| Obese | 9.9 | 2.77 (2.06–3.71) ** | 2.16 (1.55–3.00) ** | 1.93 (1.30–2.85) ** | |
| Diabetes (doctor diagnosed) | No | 6.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 24.3 | 4.08 (3.07–5.42) ** | 2.19(1.58–3.05) ** | 1.73 (1.15–2.60) ** | |
| Hypertension (doctor diagnosed) | No | 4.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 18.0 | 4.91 (4.02–5.99) ** | 1.74 (1.39–2.19) ** | 1.45 (1.10–1.93)* | |
| Albuminuria | None | 6.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Micro | 20.9 | 3.99 (3.05–5.21) ** | 2.29 (1.66–3.15) ** | 1.96 (1.36–2.82) ** | |
| Macro | 31.8 | 6.83 (2.74–16.99) ** | 7.19 (2.36–21.90) ** | 6.97 (2.22–21.93) ** | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | Continuous | 8.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7.0 | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) ** | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) * | 1.01 (0.89–1.13) | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | Continuous | 9.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7.2 | 1.35 (1.09–1.68) ** | 1.89 (1.42–2.52) ** | 1.32 (0.92–1.88) | ||
† Adjusted for age, sex, qualification, smoking, BMI, Doctor-diagnosed-hypertension and diabetes, albuminuria, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and HBA1c.
* p<0.05
**p<0.01
BMI: Body Mass Index
HDL: High Density Lipoprotein
OR: Odds ratio
eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.