TABLE 3.
Risk of cardiovascular mortality in US adults by MVM use and length of time used in NHANES III with follow-up in 20111
| Time MVMs used |
|||||
| Overall | Nonuser | <1 y | 1–3 y | >3 y | |
| Study sample | |||||
| Events/sample, n/N | 1627/8599 | 1350/7052 | 69/405 | 67/367 | 123/677 |
| Model 12 | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98)3* | 1 (referent) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.42) | 0.63 (0.48, 0.83)* |
| Model 24 | 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) | 1 (referent) | 1.08 (0.76, 1.53) | 1.01 (0.69, 1.48) | 0.68 (0.51, 0.89)* |
| Model 35 | 0.88 (0.69, 1.12) | 1 (referent) | 1.15 (0.77, 1.72) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.64) | 0.70 (0.52, 0.94)* |
| Model 46 | 0.86 (0.68, 1.10) | 1 (referent) | 1.22 (0.82, 1.80) | 1.12 (0.72, 1.74) | 0.65 (0.49, 0.85)* |
| Male participants | |||||
| Events/sample, n/N | 763/3990 | 649/3384 | 28/150 | 26/150 | 53/276 |
| Model 1 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | 1 [(referent) | 0.93 (0.54, 1.60) | 0.94 (0.47, 1.86) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.20) |
| Model 2 | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 1 (referent) | 0.95 (0.59, 1.62) | 0.98 (0.49, 1.96) | 0.77 (0.47, 1.26) |
| Model 3 | 0.89 (0.59, 1.37) | 1 (referent) | 0.95 (0.49, 1.85) | 1.15 (0.56, 2.33) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.30) |
| Model 4 | 0.94 (0.61, 1.45) | 1 (referent) | 1.09 (0.52, 2.29) | 1.15 (0.53, 2.49) | 0.79 (0.44, 1.42) |
| Female participants | |||||
| Events/sample, n/N | 864/4609 | 701/3668 | 41/255 | 41/217 | 70/401 |
| Model 1 | 0.79 (0.60, 1.03) | 1 (referent) | 1.15 (0.75, 1.77) | 1.01 (0.65, 1.57) | 0.59 (0.41, 0.84)* |
| Model 2 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.07) | 1 (referent) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.78) | 1.03 (0.66, 1.60) | 0.61 (0.43, 0.87)* |
| Model 3 | 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) | 1 (referent) | 1.30 (0.81, 2.07) | 1.02 (0.63, 1.66) | 0.65 (0.45, 0.96)* |
| Model 4 | 0.81 (0.59, 1.12) | 1 (referent) | 1.34 (0.85, 2.13) | 1.06 (0.64, 1.75) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.85)* |
The overall HR compares MVM users with nonusers (referent group). The by-time analysis also uses nonusers as the referent group; persons with missing data on length of time MVM products were used were excluded only from the length of time analysis. *Significant differences, P < 0.05. BP, blood pressure, CVD, cardiovascular disease; MVM, multivitamin-mineral.
Unadjusted model was stratified by baseline birth cohorts and excluded prevalent CVD at baseline.
HR (95% CI) (all such values).
Model 1 plus adjustment for sex (except sex models), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other), educational attainment (less than high school, high school, or more than high school).
Model 2 plus adjustment for alcohol use (daily drinks as a linear term in addition to a quadratic term), smoking (self-reported current smoking or serum cotinine >10 μg/L), and BMI (BMI as a linear term in addition to a quadratic term).
Model 3 plus adjustment for hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering medication), HDL cholesterol (linear term), hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg or hypertension medication use), diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose >140 mg/dL or glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5% or self-reported history), and aspirin use in the previous 30 d.