TABLE 1.
Baseline demographic, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics according to coffee and black tea intake by smoking status, Singapore Chinese Health Study1
| Intake amount (servings/d) |
||||
| Characteristics | None | Any to <1 | 1 | ≥2 |
| Coffee, never-smokers | ||||
| n | 7387 | 4387 | 14,140 | 11,011 |
| Age, y | 55.0 ± 7.9 | 54.7 ± 7.7 | 55.3 ± 7.7 | 54.8 ± 7.4 |
| Female | 72.0 | 68.0 | 77.0 | 71.0 |
| Hokkien dialect | 50.0 | 51.0 | 52.0 | 53.0 |
| Education2 | 36.0 | 39.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 |
| Hypertension3 | 20.0 | 22.9 | 22.5 | 19.3 |
| Moderate activity4 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 16.0 | 13.0 |
| Vigorous activity5 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.0 ± 3.2 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 23.2 ± 3.2 |
| Sleep, h | 6.9 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 |
| Dietary pattern score6 | 25.0 | 27.0 | 23.0 | 19.0 |
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1479 ± 493 | 1508 ± 493 | 1461 ± 473 | 1583 ± 510 |
| Black tea, cups/mo | 9.4 ± 20.3 | 9.0 ± 16.9 | 4.8 ± 11.6 | 4.8 ± 13.2 |
| Green tea, cups/mo | 10.9 ± 27.1 | 9.5 ± 23.2 | 8.0 ± 21.2 | 6.8 ± 19.8 |
| Soft drinks, drinks/mo | 2.3 ± 8.3 | 2.1 ± 6.8 | 2.1 ± 7.2 | 2.6 ± 8.6 |
| Alcohol, drinks/wk | 0.4 ± 2.1 | 0.4 ± 2.1 | 0.4 ± 2.1 | 0.5 ± 2.5 |
| Coffee, ever-smokers | ||||
| n | 1984 | 1306 | 4809 | 7560 |
| Age, y | 58.7 ± 8.3 | 57.6 ± 8.3 | 58.3 ± 8.0 | 57.0 ± 7.8 |
| Female | 13.0 | 11.0 | 18.0 | 14.0 |
| Hokkien dialect | 60.0 | 60.0 | 56.0 | 59.0 |
| Education2 | 26.0 | 34.0 | 27.0 | 25.0 |
| Hypertension3 | 20.7 | 21.9 | 19.9 | 14.4 |
| Moderate activity4 | 18.0 | 17.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 |
| Vigorous activity5 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.8 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.4 | 22.7 ± 3.2 | 22.5 ± 3.3 |
| Sleep, h | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.1 |
| Dietary pattern score6 | 15.0 | 19.0 | 16.0 | 12.0 |
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1600 ± 530 | 1679 ± 561 | 1616 ± 550 | 1747 ± 575 |
| Black tea, cups/mo | 19.9 ± 31.4 | 12.9 ± 21.3 | 7.2 ± 16.4 | 5.9 ± 15.9 |
| Green tea, cups/mo | 17.2 ± 35.9 | 13.2 ± 30.6 | 11.3 ± 27.7 | 8.6 ± 23.3 |
| Soft drinks, drinks/mo | 3.2 ± 11.4 | 2.9 ± 10.1 | 3.2 ± 10.0 | 3.7 ± 11.9 |
| Alcohol, drinks/wk | 2.6 ± 7.3 | 2.3 ± 6.9 | 2.5 ± 6.8 | 2.2 ± 6.0 |
| Black tea, never-smokers | ||||
| n | 23,829 | 9278 | 2924 | 864 |
| Age, y | 55.7 ± 7.8 | 53.8 ± 7.2 | 53.7 ± 7.1 | 54.2 ± 7.3 |
| Female | 78.0 | 67.0 | 57.0 | 49.0 |
| Hokkien dialect | 51.0 | 52.0 | 51.0 | 55.0 |
| Education2 | 26.0 | 38.0 | 46.0 | 41.0 |
| Hypertension3 | 21.1 | 21.1 | 20.3 | 21.5 |
| Moderate activity4 | 15.0 | 17.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 |
| Vigorous activity5 | 6.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 15.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 23.6 ± 3.4 |
| Sleep, h | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 |
| Dietary pattern score6 | 21.0 | 25.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 |
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1448 ± 469 | 1592 ± 504 | 1651 ± 545 | 1729 ± 558 |
| Coffee, cups/mo | 33.0 ± 33.4 | 30.8 ± 31.1 | 21.9 ± 27.3 | 22.6 ± 32.6 |
| Green tea, cups/mo | 7.9 ± 22.5 | 8.7 ± 21.0 | 10.8 ± 22.9 | 81.4 ± 21.8 |
| Soft drinks, drinks/mo | 1.9 ± 7.6 | 2.6 ± 7.4 | 3.4 ± 9.2 | 4.2 ± 11.7 |
| Alcohol, drinks/wk | 0.4 ± 2.2 | 0.5 ± 2.1 | 0.6 ± 2.3 | 0.7 ± 2.7 |
| Black tea, ever-smokers | ||||
| n | 9604 | 3908 | 1425 | 722 |
| Age, y | 58.4 ± 8.0 | 56.5 ± 7.9 | 56.5 ± 7.7 | 56.3 ± 7.7 |
| Female | 19.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 |
| Hokkien dialect | 58.0 | 59.0 | 60.0 | 63.0 |
| Education2 | 23.0 | 31.0 | 34.0 | 32.0 |
| Hypertension3 | 17.0 | 18.7 | 17.7 | 18.1 |
| Moderate activity4 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 15.0 |
| Vigorous activity5 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 17.0 | 19.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.4 ± 3.6 | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 22.6 ± 3.1 |
| Sleep, h | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 |
| Dietary pattern score6 | 13.0 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 |
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1618 ± 550 | 1769 ± 567 | 1790 ± 566 | 1866 ± 601 |
| Coffee, cups/mo | 52.0 ± 41.6 | 45.8 ± 38.6 | 31.2 ± 33.6 | 29.1 ± 37.6 |
| Green tea, cups/mo | 11.0 ± 28.5 | 9.9 ± 23.6 | 11.6 ± 26.9 | 13.7 ± 30.9 |
| Soft drinks, drinks/mo | 3.0 ± 11.0 | 3.8 ± 10.5 | 4.4 ± 12.2 | 4.8 ± 13.7 |
| Alcohol, drinks/wk | 2.3 ± 6.6 | 2.2 ± 6.1 | 2.5 ± 6.9 | 2.8 ± 6.7 |
1
Values are means ± SDs or percentages. One serving was assigned a value of 237 mL, or ∼1 cup. However, serving size was not directly assessed.
2
Percentage of population with a secondary education or greater.
3
Percentage of population who self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension.
4
Percentage of population who reported ≥2 h/wk.
5
Percentage of population who reported ≥1.5 h/wk of vigorous work or strenuous physical activity.
6
Proportion of category in the top 20% of the vegetable-fruit-soy–rich dietary pattern score, which is strongly inversely associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality during the follow-up period.