TABLE 7.
HRs and 95% CIs of all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to coffee, black tea, and alcohol intake in Chinese men and women for ever smokers, Singapore Chinese Health Study1
| Mortality and beverage | Deaths, n/total n | HR (95% CI) | P-trend |
| All cause | |||
| Coffee | 0.32 | ||
| None | 710/1,984 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 374/1306 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | |
| 1/d | 1599/4809 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | |
| ≥2/d | 2351/7560 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | |
| Black Tea | 0.22 | ||
| None | 3261/9604 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 1146/3908 | ||
| 1/d | 427/1425 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | |
| ≥2/d | 200/722 | 0.90 (0.78, 1.05) | |
| Alcohol2 | — | ||
| None | 3519/10,443 | 1.00 | |
| Light to moderate2 | 1099/4135 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | |
| Heavy2 | 416/1081 | 1.56 (1.40, 1.74) | |
| Cancer | |||
| Coffee | 0.08 | ||
| None | 265/1984 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 136/1306 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.08) | |
| 1/d | 627/4809 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | |
| ≥2/d | 992/7560 | 1.09 (0.94, 1.25) | |
| Black Tea | 0.56 | ||
| None | 1309/9604 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 470/3908 | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | |
| 1/d | 158/1425 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | |
| ≥2/d | 83/722 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) | |
| Alcohol2 | — | ||
| None | 1329/10,443 | 1.00 | |
| Light to moderate2 | 482/4135 | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | |
| Heavy2 | 209/1081 | 2.01 (1.72, 2.34) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| Coffee | 0.55 | ||
| None | 228/1984 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 111/1306 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.05) | |
| 1/d | 463/4809 | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | |
| ≥2/d | 677/7560 | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | |
| Black Tea | 0.87 | ||
| None | 949/9604 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 330/3908 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | |
| 1/d | 139/1425 | 1.14 (0.95, 1.36) | |
| ≥2/d | 61/722 | 0.92 (0.70, 1.20) | |
| Alcohol2 | — | ||
| None | 1078/10,443 | 1.00 | |
| Light to moderate2 | 308/4135 | 0.85 (0.75, 0.97) | |
| Heavy2 | 93/1081 | 1.16 (0.95, 1.36) | |
| Respiratory disease | |||
| Coffee | 0.46 | ||
| None | 126/1984 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 74/1306 | 0.99 (0.74, 1.32) | |
| 1/d | 294/4809 | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | |
| ≥2/d | 451/7560 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) | |
| Black Tea | 0.07 | ||
| None | 638/9604 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 209/3908 | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | |
| 1/d | 69/1425 | 0.92 (0.72, 1.18) | |
| ≥2/d | 29/722 | 0.72 (0.49, 1.06) | |
| Respiratory disease | |||
| Alcohol2 | — | ||
| None | 704/10,443 | 1.00 | |
| Light to moderate2 | 186/4135 | 0.79 (0.67, 0.93) | |
| Heavy2 | 55/1081 | 1.20 (0.91, 1.59) |
Model includes all beverages simultaneously (coffee, black tea, alcohol, soft drinks, juice, and green tea) and is adjusted for age, sex, dialect, education, year of interview, moderate and vigorous activity, sleep, BMI, hypertension (except for cancer), nonbeverage vegetable-fruit-soy–rich dietary pattern score, and energy intake. Definition of outcomes: cancer, ICD-9 codes 140–239; cardiovascular disease, ICD-9 codes 394–459; respiratory disease (e.g., influenza, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), ICD-9 codes 480–488 and 490–96. ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, version 9.
Light to moderate alcohol consumption is defined as >0 to ≤7 drinks/wk for women and >0 to ≤14 drinks/wk for men. Heavy alcohol consumption is defined as >7 drinks/wk for women and >14 drinks/wk for men.