TABLE 8.
HRs and 95% CIs of all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to soft drink, juice, and green tea intake in Chinese men and women, Singapore Chinese Health Study1
| Mortality and beverage | Deaths, n/total n | HR (95% CI) | P-trend |
| All cause | |||
| Soft drinks | 0.11 | ||
| None | 8058/39,064 | 1.00 | |
| Monthly | 820/5320 | 0.93 (0.87, 1.01) | |
| 1/wk | 387/2783 | 0.94 (0.84,1.04) | |
| 2–6/wk | 515/3685 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) | |
| ≥1/d | 248/1732 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | |
| Juice | 0.91 | ||
| None | 8783/43,438 | 1.00 | |
| Monthly | 674/5150 | 0.90 (0.84, 0.98) | |
| 1/wk | 289/2047 | 1.10 (0.97,1.24) | |
| ≥2/wk | 283/1949 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | |
| Green tea | 0.98 | ||
| None | 6217/31,241 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 2528/15,019 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | |
| 1/d | 613/3344 | 0.95 (0.87,1.03) | |
| ≥2/d | 671/2980 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.09) | |
| Cancer | |||
| Soft drinks | 0.06 | ||
| None | 3086/39,064 | 1.00 | |
| Monthly | 355/5320 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) | |
| 1/wk | 162/2783 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.12) | |
| 2–6/wk | 202/3685 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | |
| ≥1/d | 97/1732 | 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) | |
| Juice | 0.63 | ||
| None | 3399/43,438 | 1.00 | |
| Monthly | 271/5150 | 0.88 (0.77, 0.99) | |
| 1/wk | 120/2047 | 1.08 (0.90, 1.30) | |
| ≥2/wk | 112/1949 | 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) | |
| Green tea | 0.48 | ||
| None | 2375/31,241 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 1023/15,019 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | |
| 1/d | 232/3344 | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | |
| ≥2/d | 271/2980 | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| Soft drinks | 0.54 | ||
| None | 2466/39,064 | 1.00 | |
| Monthly | 249/5320 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | |
| 1/wk | 131/2783 | 1.08 (0.91, 1.30) | |
| 2–6/wk | 170/3685 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | |
| ≥1/d | 81/1732 | 1.03 (0.83, 1.30) | |
| Juice | 0.22 | ||
| None | 2711/43,438 | 1.00 | |
| Monthly | 197/5150 | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | |
| 1/wk | 94/2047 | 1.19 (0.96, 1.46) | |
| ≥2/wk | 95/1949 | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) | |
| Green tea | 0.52 | ||
| None | 1907/31241 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 779/15,019 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) | |
| 1/d | 205/3344 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | |
| ≥2/d | 206/2980 | 0.97 (0.83, 1.12) | |
| Respiratory disease | |||
| Soft drinks | 0.03 | ||
| None | 1388/39,064 | 1.00 | |
| Monthly | 101/5320 | 0.72 (0.58, 0.88) | |
| 1/wk | 53/2783 | 0.85 (0.64, 1.12) | |
| 2–6/wk | 63/3685 | 0.77 (0.60, 1.00) | |
| ≥1/d | 31/1732 | 0.77 (0.54, 1.10) | |
| Juice | 0.35 | ||
| None | 1465/43,438 | 1.00 | |
| Monthly | 102/5150 | 0.98 (0.80, 1.20) | |
| 1/wk | 33/2047 | 0.93 (0.65, 1.31) | |
| ≥2/wk | 36/1949 | 0.88 (0.63, 1.23) | |
| Green tea | 0.18 | ||
| None | 1059/31,241 | 1.00 | |
| Any to <1/d | 379/15,019 | 0.91 (0.81, 1.03) | |
| 1/d | 87/3344 | 0.81 (0.65, 1.02) | |
| ≥2/d | 111/2980 | 0.98 (0.80, 1.20) |
Model includes all beverages simultaneously (coffee, black tea, alcohol, soft drinks, juice, and green tea) and is adjusted for age, sex, dialect, education, year of interview, smoking, moderate and vigorous activity, sleep, BMI, hypertension (except for cancer), nonbeverage vegetable-fruit-soy–rich dietary pattern score, and energy intake. Definition of outcomes: cancer, ICD-9 codes 140–239; cardiovascular disease, ICD-9 codes 394–459; respiratory disease (e.g., influenza, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), ICD-9 codes 480–488 and 490–96. ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, version 9.