Table 2.
Smoking status by participant characteristics (N = 2,770 for all comparisons)
| Current smoking Chi 2 /F value | Past smoking Chi 2 /F value | TUD Chi 2 /F value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years (older) | 0.51 | 67.70*** | 2.96 |
| Education, years (higher) | 38.85*** | 0.22 | 0.04 |
| Marriage (married) | 7.75** | 1.03 | 3.53 |
| Region (developed) | 2.13 | 0.67 | 2.76 |
| Ethnic (Han vs. Hui) | 36.83*** | 5.76* | 0.10 |
| Migrant (no) | 18.86*** | 7.50** | 0.19 |
| Urban/rural (rural) | 0.25 | 2.70 | 0.99 |
| Physical health | |||
| Overall health (poor) | 7.80** | 0.48 | 2.32 |
| Type II diabetes (yes) | 0.70 | 6.71** | 1.15 |
| Hypertension (yes) | 1.60 | 7.50** | 5.83* |
| Any physical pains (no) | 11.54*** | 1.11 | 1.18 |
| Mental health | |||
| Anxiety disorder (present) | 19.35*** | 4.20* | 3.93* |
| Mood disorder (present) | 0.71 | 0.11 | 0.38 |
| Insomnia (present) | 1.39 | 1.48 | 3.55* |
| Religious involvement | |||
| Religious affiliation (no) | 19.83*** | 3.83* | 0.21 |
| Religious attendance (seldom) | 19.50*** | 0.06 | 0.16 |
| Importance of religion (less) | 30.71*** | 1.16 | 0.01 |
| High religiosity (no) | 19.31*** | 0.43 | 0.04 |
( ) characteristic associated with higher risk of smoking.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; TUD: ICD-10 of Tobacco Use Disorders.