Table 5.
Perinatal and neonatal mortality by anti-malarial drug exposure during first trimester
| Exposure group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome of deliveries (N*) | AL only, N=135, n (%), (95% CI) | AL and SP, N=7, n (%), (95% CI) | SP and/or quinine, N=129, n (%), (95% CI) | No anti-malarial, N=644, n (%), (95% CI) | Unknown anti-malarial, N=40, n (%), (95% CI) |
| Perinatal mortality, n (%) | 6 (4.4) | 1 (14.3) | 5 (3.9) | 31 (4.8) | 1 (2.5) |
| (2.1, 9.4) | (2.6. 51.3) | (1.7, 8.8) | (3.4, 6.8) | (0.4, 12.9) | |
| Stillbirth (>28 weeks gestation), n (%) | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.3) | 17 (2.6) | 0 (0) |
| (0.4, 5.2) | (0.0, 39.0) | (0.8, 6.6) | (1.7, 4.2) | (0.0, 9.0) | |
| Death ≤7 days after birth, n (%) | 4 (3.0) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (1.6) | 14 (2.2) | 1 (2.5) |
| (1.2, 7.4) | (2.6, 51.3) | (0.4, 5.5) | (1.3, 3.6) | (0.4, 12.9) | |
| Exposure group | |||||
| Outcome of neonates (N † ) | AL only, N=133, n (%), (95% CI) | AL and SP, N=7, n (%), (95% CI) | SP and/or quinine, N=126, n (%), (95% CI) | No anti-malarial, N=627, n (%), (95% CI) | Unknown anti-malarial, N=40, n (%), (95% CI) |
| Neonatal mortality within 28 days of birth, n (%) | 5 (3.8) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (1.6) | 19 (3.0) | 1 (2.5) |
| (1.6, 8.5) | (2.6, 51.3) | (0.4, 5.6) | (1.9, 4.7) | (0.4, 12.9) | |
| Infant mortality >28 days to 1 year afer birth‡ n (%) | 8 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 21 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| (3.2, 11.9) | (0.0, 39.0) | (0.1, 4.4) | (2.3, 5.2) | (0.0, 9.0) | |
| Total infant mortality within 1 year after birth, n (%) | 13 (9.8) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (2.4) | 40 (6.4) | 1 (2.5) |
| (5.8, 16.0) | (2.6, 51.3) | (0.8, 6.8) | (4.7, 8.6) | (0.4, 12.9) | |
Perinatal mortality: stillbirth or early neonatal death within 7 days after birth; CI = confidence interval.
*All deliveries; †Total live births; ‡Denominators: AL only N=128; AL and SP N=6; SP and/or quinine N=124; No anti-malarial N=608; and Unknown anti-malarial N=39.