Table 1.
Group demographic data.
| Measure (group difference p-value) | ESZ N = 24 | HC N = 21 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | |
| Gender (p = 0.34) | ||||
| Female | 5 | 20.8 | 7 | 33.3 |
| Male | 19 | 79.2 | 14 | 66.7 |
| Handednessa (p = 0.09) | ||||
| Right | 19 | 79.2 | 21 | 100 |
| Left | 4 | 16.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Ambidextrous | 1 | 4.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Diagnostic subtype | ||||
| Paranoid | 9 | 37.5 | ||
| Disorganized | 1 | 4.2 | ||
| Undifferentiated | 5 | 20.8 | ||
| Residual | 1 | 4.2 | ||
| Schizoaffective | 6 | 25 | ||
| Psychosis not otherwise specified | 2 | 8.3 | ||
| Antipsychotic type | ||||
| Atypical alone | 19 | 79.2 | ||
| Typical alone | 0 | 0 | ||
| Both | 1 | 4.2 | ||
| None | 4 | 16.7 | ||
| M | SD | M | SD | |
| Age, years (p = 0.46) | 23.95 | 5.17 | 22.89 | 4.26 |
| Education, years† (p = 0.02) | 13 | 2.43 | 14.81 | 2.71 |
| Parental SESb,† (p = 0.01) | 42.46 | 16.67 | 30.48 | 13.71 |
| Duration of illness, years | 1.39 | 1.37 | ||
| CPZ 100 mg/d equivalentsc | 3.71 | 6.73 | ||
| PANSS symptom scoresd | ||||
| Positive (mean of 7 items) | 2.21 | 0.56 | ||
| Negative (mean of 7 items) | 2.4 | 0.67 | ||
| General (mean of 16 items) | 2.02 | 0.39 | ||
Note. Numbers and percentages of participants are reported for gender, handedness, diagnostic subtype, and antipsychotic type. Group means (M) and standard deviations (SD) are reported for age, average parental socioeconomic status (SES), duration of illness, and mean Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) ratings. Gender and handedness were analyzed with Pearson chi-square tests. Age and parental socioeconomic status were analyzed with independent samples t-tests. ESZ = early illness schizophrenia patients, HC = healthy controls.
The Crovitz and Zener (1962) questionnaire was used to measure handedness.
The Hollingshead (1975) four-factor index of parental socioeconomic status is based on a composite of maternal education, paternal education, maternal occupational status, and paternal occupational status. Lower values signify higher socioeconomic status.
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) dose equivalents in 100 milligram per day (mg/d) cal-culated based on Leucht et al. (2014). Medication dosages were unavailable for 2 patients. 4 patients were not taking any medication.
PANSS ratings were collected from 23 early illness schizophrenia patients. The mean PANSS score for items in each category is reported for positive (mean of 7 items), negative (mean of 7 items), and general (mean of 16 items) symptoms.
p < 0.05, two-tailed.