Table 3.
Delivery Mode (Cesarean Section vs. Vaginal Delivery). Characteristics Among All Subjects, Among Subjects With PS in (0.095, 0.530), and Among Matched Pairs. Data From Project Viva
| Observed data | Observed data (0.095<PS<0.530) |
Matched pairs (0.095<PS<0.530, Matching caliper= 0.05) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caesarean section (280) |
Vaginal Delivery (956) |
Caesarean section (224) |
Vaginal Delivery (710) |
Caesarean section (934) |
Vaginal Delivery (934) |
|||||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||
| N (%) | p* | N (%) | p* | N (%) | p# | |||||
| Age, years | <25 25–<35 >=35 |
16 (5.7) 172 (61.4) 92 (32.9) |
79 (8.3) 586 (61.3) 291 (30.4) |
0.33 | 10 (4.5) 139 (62.1) 75 (33.5) |
25 (3.5) 449 (63.2) 236 (33.2) |
0.80 | 34 (3.6) 614 (65.7) 286 (30.6) |
35 (3.8) 590 (63.2) 309 (33.1) |
0.84 |
| Education level |
High school or less Some college BA/BS Grad school |
15 (5.4) 60 (21.4) 107 (38.2) 98 (35.0) |
81 (8.5) 203 (21.3) 346 (36.3) 323 (33.9) |
0.39 | 8 (3.6) 47 (21.0) 86 (38.4) 83 (37.1) |
29 (4.1) 141 (19.9) 274 (38.6) 266 (37.5) |
0.97 | 27 (2.9) 227 (24.3) 363 (38.9) 317 (33.9) |
41 (4.4) 189 (20.2) 359 (38.4) 345 (36.9) |
0.60 |
| Race | Black Hispanic Other White |
38 (13.6) 17 (6.1) 29 (10.4) 196 (70.0) |
114 (12.0) 59 (6.2) 82 (8.6) 698 (73.2) |
0.68 | 23 (10.3) 13 (5.8) 19 (8.5) 169 (75.5) |
58 (8.2) 38 (5.4) 47 (6.6) 567 (79.9) |
0.53 | 77 (8.2) 55 (5.9) 78 (8.4) 724 (77.5) |
89 (9.5) 44 (4.7) 80 (8.6) 721 (77.2) |
0.91 |
| US Born | Yes | 219 (79.6) | 783 (82.9) | 0.18 | 182 (81.3) | 595 (83.8) | 0.37 | 780 (83.5) | 777 (83.2) | 0.92 |
| House hold income >US $70,000 |
165 (60.7) | 578 (65.2) | 0.17 | 144 (64.3) | 483 (68.0) | 0.30 | 607 (65.0) | 629 (67.3) | 0.59 | |
| Pre- pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 |
<25 25–<30 >=30 |
161 (57.5) 63 (22.5) 56 (20.0) |
640 (67.2) 203 (21.3) 109 (11.5) |
<.01 | 131 (58.5) 53 (23.7) 40 (17.9) |
472 (66.5) 164 (23.1) 74 (10.4) |
<.01 | 611 (65.4) 186 (19.9) 137 (14.7) |
606 (64.9) 214 (22.9) 114 (12.2) |
0.56 |
| Gestational weight gain (IOM 2009 guideline) |
Inadequate Adequate Excessive |
28 (10.0) 70 (25.0) 182 (65.0) |
118 (12.6) 287 (30.6) 534 (56.9) |
0.05 | 21 (9.4) 55 (24.6) 148 (66.1) |
77 (10.9) 206 (29.0) 427 (60.1) |
0.28 | 79 (8.5) 248 (26.6) 607 (65.0) |
95 (10.2) 279 (29.9) 560 (60.0) |
0.52 |
| Mother herself was breastfed |
Yes | 24 (30.4) | 122 (37.0) | 0.27 | 90 (41.7) | 278 (41.0) | 0.36 | 394 (43.3) | 366 (41.1) | 0.64 |
| Maternal glucose tolerance status |
Gestational diabetes Impaired glucose tolerance Isolated hyperglycemia Normal |
14 (5.1) 14 (5.1) 21 (7.6) 228 (82.3) |
35 (3.7) 25 (2.6) 91 (9.6) 796 (84.1) |
0.11 | 10 (4.5) 7 (3.1) 20 (8.9) 187 (83.5) |
30 (4.2) 14 (2.0) 74 (10.4) 592 (83.4) |
0.70 | 43 (4.6) 21 (2.3) 95 (10.2) 775 (83.0) |
45 (4.8) 18 (1.9) 88 (9.4) 783 (83.8) |
0.98 |
| Smoking during pregnancy |
During pregnancy Former Never |
4 (4.9) 21 (25.9) 56 (69.1) |
30 (8.8) 66 (19.4) 245 (71.9) |
0.27 | 2 (3.1) 20 (30.8) 43 (66.2) |
18 (6.7) 61 (22.8) 189 (70.5) |
0.26 | 11 (3.8) 80 (27.9) 196 (68.3) |
23 (6.7) 87 (25.1) 236 (68.2) |
0.68 |
| Nullipara | 143 (51.1) | 442 (46.2) | 0.15 | 116 (51.8) | 319 (44.9) | 0.07 | 447 (47.9) | 437 (46.8) | 0.82 | |
| Paternal BMI, kg/m2 |
<25 25–<30 >=30 |
78 (29.3) 132 (49.6) 56 (21.1) |
343 (37.4) 454 (49.5) 121 (13.2) |
<.01 | 63 (28.1) 119 (53.1) 42 (18.8) |
243 (34.2) 372 (52.4) 95 (13.4) |
0.07 | 287 (30.7) 521 (55.8) 126 (13.5) |
308 (33.0) 485 (51.9) 141 (15.1) |
0.70 |
| Father US born |
Yes | 214 (82.6) | 717 (81.4) | 0.65 | 187 (83.5) | 587 (82.7) | 0.78 | 751 (80.4) | 780 (83.5) | 0.41 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||
| Female sex | 135 (48.2) | 472 (49.4) | 0.73 | 105 (46.9) | 350 (49.3) | 0.52 | 490 (52.5) | 456 (48.8) | 0.44 | |
| Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months |
51 (18.2) | 259 (6.3) | <.01 | 42 (18.8) | 199 (28.0) | 0.09 | 185 (19.8) | 252 (27.0) | 0.31 | |
| Mean (SD) | p* | Mean (SD) | p* | Mean (SD) | p# | |||||
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score |
0.3 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.9) | 0.04 | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.41 | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.78 | |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 39.6 (1.5) | 39.7 (1.4) | 0.44 | 39.6 (1.5) | 39.7 (1.4) | 0.52 | 39.4 (1.6) | 39.7 (1.4) | 0.08 | |
| Census-derived socio-economic status variables, expressed as percent of census tract population (Census 2000 data) | ||||||||||
| % 25 years or older with no high school diploma |
8.9 (7.7) | 9.5 (9.0) | 0.25 | 8.2 (7.3) | 8.1 (7.3) | 0.87 | 8.0 (6.7) | 8.3 (7.3) | 0.65 | |
| % 25 years or older with college degree and above |
38.5 (18.3) | 40.8 (20.4) | 0.07 | 39.2 (18.1) | 41.5 (18.8) | 0.10 | 40.6 (18.9) | 41.3 (19.0) | 0.71 | |
| % below poverty line (1999 dollars) |
8.3 (8.3) | 9.0 (8.7) | 0.21 | 8.6 (8.3) | 9.2 (8.4) | 0.38 | 8.5 (7.7) | 9.1 (8.3) | 0.67 | |
| % households with 1999 income below $20,000 |
17.4 (9.2) | 17.7 (10.5) | 0.66 | 16.6 (8.6) | 16.3 (8.8) | 0.70 | 16.5 (8.2) | 16.5 (8.8) | 0.96 | |
| % household with 1999 income $150,000 and above |
13.1 (8.9) | 12.9 (9.8) | 0.76 | 12.4 (8.4) | 11.9 (8.1) | 0.41 | 12.3 (8.6) | 12.0 (8.0) | 0.42 | |
*
p-value from chi-square test or t-test
#
p-value from generalized score tests for Type III contrasts from PROC GENMOD to adjust for repeated use of the same subjects since matching was done with replacement