Table 5.

Summary of in vitro study of antihyperglycemic activities of PCA.

Model	Model/method	PCA concentration	Major finding	Interpretation	Reference
Human omental adipocytes and murine adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells	oxLDL-induced insulin resistance	100 μM	(i) PCA increased glucose uptake (ii) PCA increased GLUT4 translocation (iii) PCA increased PPARγ activity (iv) PCA increased adiponectin	PCA exerted an insulin-like activity in adipocytes by increasing PPARγ activation	[45]