Table 9.

Summary of in vivo studies of proapoptotic activity of PCA.

Model	Method	PCA dose/route/duration	Major finding	Interpretation	Reference
Rat	NMBA-induced esophageal cancer in rats	PCA 0.05% in diet for 15, 25, and 35 weeks	(i) PCA reduced area of hyperplasia began at week 25 (ii) PCA reduced COX-2, iNOS, soluble epoxide hydrolase (she), and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) mRNA expression levels	PCA prevented esophageal tumorigenesis, by inhibitory effects on genes associated with inflammation	[59]