Table 3.

Key parameters of radiolabeling methods.

Radiopharmaceutical		Radiosynthesis parameters			Potential burden to operator
Simple operation	Complex operation	Process time (hr)	±blood cells	Special equipment	Radiation*	Biological
99mTc-HMPAO	—	<0.5	−	—	Low	−
99mTc-MDP	—	<0.2	−	—	Low	−
99mTc-sulesomab	—	<0.2	−	—	Low	−
99mTc-albumin nanocolloid	—	0.5	−	—	Low	−
111In-oxine	—	0	−	—	Medium	−
67Ga-citrate	—	0	−	Thicker Pb pots	Medium	−
18FDG (supplied)	—	0	−	Thicker Pb pots/dispensing pig	High	−
—	99mTc-tin fluoride colloid	<0.9	−	rotation mixer	Low	−
—	99mTc-SnF2 colloid-leukocytes	1	+	Rotation mixer, centrifuge	Low	+
—	99mTc-HMPAO-leukocytes	<1.5	+	Centrifuge	Low	+
—	111In-oxine-leukocytes	<1.5	+	Centrifuge	Medium	+
—	99mTc-besilesomab	<0.2	−	—	Low	−
—	18FDG (on-site)	~2.5	−	Cyclotron, hot cells, synthesis modules, (autoclave), etc	High	−

^*Broadly based on the energy of emissions and number of emissions: low = ^99mTc; medium = ¹¹¹In, ⁶⁷Ga; high = ¹⁸F.