Figure 1.

Effects of acoustic-frequency vibratory stimulation (AFVS) on cell viability and proliferation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). (a) Fluorescein diacetate stain showed that BM-MSCs maintained spindle and fibroblast-like cell shape when stimulated with AFVS at the frequencies of 0, 30, 400, and 800 Hz. Scale bar = 200 μm. (b) Cell proliferation of BM-MSCs was improved by AFVS at 800 Hz on day 7. Values are mean ± standard error of six independent experiments (n = 6). ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01 in the indicated groups from unpaired t-test. ^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01 compared with the 0 Hz control group at the same time point from unpaired t-test.