Table 1. Overview of Selected Models for Study of Regression/Progression of CKD.

Model	Etiology/Mechanism	Method	Morphologic changes	Time course comparisons	Assessments reported	References
MWF rat	Nephron number reduction	Spontaneous, genetic	Glomerulosclerosis	50 wk-->60 wk	BP, Serum Cr, Proteinuria, Histology	5
Aging rat (Sprague-Dawley)	Aging	Spontaneous	Mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, GBM thickening, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, arteriolar hyalinosis	18 mos-->24 mos	Proteinuria, Serum Cr, Histology	16, 17
Streptozotocin induced DM rat	Type I diabetes	Induced, STZ 55 mg/kg (i.v.)	Mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, GBM thickening, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, arteriolar hyalinosis	10 mos-->12 mos, 4 mos-->8 mos	Proteinuria, Serum Cr, Histology	7, 12, 19, 20
BTBR ob/ob mouse	Type II diabetes	Spontaneous	Mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, GBM thickening, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, arteriolar hyalinosis, rare nodules, mesangiolysis	18 wk-->24 wk	Proteinuria, BUN, Serum Cr, Histology	22
eNOS-/-/db/db mouse	Type II diabetes	Genetic	Glomerulosclerosis, GBM thickening, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, arteriolar hyalinosis, rare nodules, mesangiolysis	10-->18wk-->24 wk	Proteinuria, GFR, Histology
Puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis rat	Podocyte injury	Induced, puromycin 10 mg/kg followed by 40 mg/kg every 4 weeks (i.p.)	Minimal change in acute phase, FSGS in chronic phase	16 wk -->28 wk, 12wk -->18wk	Proteinuria, GFR, Histology	28, 29
5/6 nephrectomy rat or mouse (strain dependent)	Renal mass reduction	Induced, UNX+ renal artery ligation± ablation	Glomerulosclerosis	8 wk-->12 wk	Protienuria, Serum Cr, Histology	10, 11, 30, 32, 33, 34
Cyclosporine A (rat or mouse)	Vascular and tubular injury due to vascular dysfunction/toxicity	Induced, cyclosporin A (7.5 mg/kg/day and 15 mg/kg/day s.c.) for 28 days	Tubulointerstitial fibrosis, arteriolar hyaline	2-4 wk--> 8-10 wk	BUN, Serum Cr, GFR, Histology	36, 37
Aristolochic acid and folic acid nephropathies (rat or mouse)	Tubular injury due to toxic tubular necrosis (AA) or crystals (FA)	Induced, AAI (3 mg/kg, once every 3 days for 6 weeks) Folic acid (250 ug/g BW)	Tubulointerstitial fibrosis	6 wk after last dose	BUN, Serum Cr, GFR, Histology
Ischemia-Reperfusion (rat or mouse)	Ischemia-reperfusion injury	Induced, variable times; e.g. 45 min ischemia + 24 h reperfusion	Acute tubular necrosis in acute phase, tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic phase	40 wk	BUN, Serum Cr, GFR, Histology
Ggt1 DTR transgenic mice	Tubular injury due to toxic tubular necrosis	Genetic and induced, DT injection (100 mg/kg, i.p, day 0 and 5)	Acute tubular necrosis in acute phase, tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic phase	6 wk after last dose	BUN, Serum Cr, GFR, Histology
NO inhibition (rat or mouse)	Hypertensive	Induced, L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks	Glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis	4 wk-->8 wk	BP, Proteinuria, Histology	45
SHR rat	Hypertensive	Spontaneous	Glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis	16-18 wk-->36 wk, 20 wk-->23 wk	BP, Proteinuria, Histology	48, 49