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. 2015 Feb 23;6:139. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00139

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Copyright © 2015 Li, Chen, Liu, Zhao, Cheng, Ren, Guo, Niu, Zhuang, Wu and Ying.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Kinetics of batch fermentation with free and immobilized cell cultures. (A) Kinetics of fermentation in free cell cultures. (B) Kinetics of batch fermentation in immobilized cultures. To reduce the impact of cell-growth conditions over time on gene expression, we selected optimal sampling periods with maximal consistency in terms of residual sugar and ethanol concentrations that were also representative of biofilm development processes. OD, optical density; FCP, free cell period; AP, attachment period; SGP, sessile-growth period; BMP, biofilm-maturation period.