. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 23.

Published in final edited form as: Early Child Res Q. 2012 2nd Quarter;27(2):210–220. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.005

Table 3.

Associations between Activity Settings, Child Characteristics, and Children’s Classroom Engagement: Results of Multilevel Models

	Positive Engagement with Teachers		Positive Engagement with Peers		Positive Engagement with Tasks		Negative Classroom Engagement

Coefficients	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Intercept	2.88^*	.14	2.28^*	.17	3.78^*	.15	1.40^*	.09
Slope (hours)	−.17^*	.03	−.07^†	.04	−.07^*	.03	.02	.02
Covariates
Income-to-needs	−.01	.04	.05	.04	−.00	.04	.02	.03
English at home	.13	.11	.18	.11	.29^*	.10	−.01	.07
Child is white ^a	.10	.16	.22	.16	.19	.15	−.14	.10
Child is multi-
ethnic/other ^a	−.01	.13	−.09	.13	−.03	.12	.07	.09
Teacher part of activity	--	--	−.27^*	.09	−.18^*	.08	--	--
Level 1: Observation Cycle^b
Free choice	−.44^*	.12	.47^*	.14	.55^*	.10	−.01	.05
Outdoor time	−.54^*	.10	.80^*	.12	.56^*	.10	.02	.06
Transitions/Routines	−.37^*	.11	.18	.11	−.29^*	.10	.03	.07
Meals	−.08	.10	.26^*	.11	−.13	.10	−.14^*	.06
Level 2: Child
Gender^c	.02	.09	.08	.09	.08	.08	.06	.06
Age	.01	.01	.02^*	.01	.02^*	.01	.00	.00
Cross-Level Interactions
Free choice ^* Gender	.17	.17	.10	.18	--	--	--	--
Free choice ^* Age	−.03^*	.01	−.01	.01	--	--	--	--
Variance Components

Level 1 Residual	.83^*	.05	.87^*	.05	.76^*	.04	.32^*	.01
Level 2
Intercept	.08^*	.04	.12^*	.05	.10^*	.04	.19^*	.06
Slope (hours)	--	--	--	--	--	--	.01^*	.01
Free choice	.29^*	.15	.37^*	.17	--	--
Level 3
Intercept	.32^*	.07	.46^*	.17	.20^*	.05	.01	.01
Slope (hours)	--	--	.05^*	.02	--	--	--	--

Note:

Referent ethnic group is Hispanic.

Referent activity setting is teacher-structured activities.

boy = 1, girl = 0.

^†

p < .10;

p < .05