Table 4. Associations of conventional and novel psychosocial constructs and single items with fruit and vegetable intake (excluding fried potatoes) ^a .

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Final Model
	β (p-value)	β (p-value)	β (p-value)	β (p-value)	β (p-value)	β (p-value)
Sociodemographic variables
Sex (female vs. male)	0.13(<0.001)	0.13(<0.001)	0.04(0.29)	-0.03(0.46)	-0.14(0.21)
Age	0.09(<0.001)	0.11<0.001)	0.06(0.02)	-0.02(0.55)	-0.05(0.57)
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic	0.29(0.03)	0.28(0.02)	0.14(0.21)	0.11(0.29)	0.10(0.32)
NH Black	0.20(<0.001)	0.21(<0.001)	0.01(0.90)	-0.01(0.86)	0.03(0.59)
NH Other	0.34(<0.001)	0.32(<0.001)	0.20(0.03)	0.15(0.10)	0.12(0.17)
NH White	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Education	0.10(<0.001)	0.07(0.00)	0.05(0.02)	0.04(0.09)	0.01 (0.55)
Income	0.00(0.94)	-0.00(0.50)	-0.01(0.20)	-0.00(0.27)	-0.00 (0.20)
Region
Midwest	-0.00(0.96)	-0.01(0.85)	0.01(0.83)	0.03(0.65)	0.07(0.24)
Northeast	0.04(0.50)	0.05(0.47)	0.06(0.36)	0.08(0.15)	0.12(0.03)
South	-0.07(0.30)	-0.05(0.42)	-0.06(0.27)	-0.06(0.28)	-0.02(0.77)
West	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Lifestyle variables
Physical activity (participation vs. non-participation)		-0.48(<0.00)	-0.30(<0.001)	-0.26(<0.001)	-0.16(<0.001)	-0.16(<0.001)
Smoking status (current vs. former and never smoker)		-0.02(0.41)	-0.01(0.74)	0.01(0.80)	0.00(0.93)	----
Conventional Psychosocial Constructs
Self-efficacy			0.30(<0.001)	0.20(<0.001)	0.14(<0.001)	0.15(<0.001)
Social Support			0.13(<0.001)	0.11(<0.001)	0.08(<0.001)	0.08(<0.001)
Barriers			-0.31(<0.001)	-0.23(<0.001)	-0.13(<0.001)	-0.14(<0.001)
Benefits			0.04(0.08)	-0.07(0.02)	-0.03(0.21)	----
Novel Psychosocial Constructs
Vegetarianism views				0.03(0.19)	-0.02(0.44)	----
Autonomous motivation				0.17(<0.001)	0.08(<0.001)	0.06(0.01)
Controlled motivation				-0.02(0.35)	-0.03(0.23)	----
Preference for fruit				0.44(<0.001)	0.20(0.06)	----
Preference for vegetable				0.55(<0.001)	0.31(0.01)	0.37(<0.001)
Singe Items
Creature of habit (eating same things all the time)					-0.04(0.03)	-0.03 (0.04)
Unwillingness to try new foods					-0.04(0.06)	----
Not attentive to government FV recommendations					-0.01(0.46)	----
Worry about one’s health					0.01(0.55)	----
Drink several cups of water daily					0.14(<0.001)	0.13(<0.001)
Seasonality (varying FV intake by season vs. eating same types year round)					0.18(<0.001)	0.19(<0.001)
Did not eat fruit when growing up (negative responses)					-0.07(<0.001)	-0.08(<0.001)
Did not eat vegetable when growing up (negative responses)					-0.08(<0.001)	-0.08(<0.001)
No knowledge of FV recommendations (wrong responses vs. correct)					-0.12(<0.001)	-0.12(<0.001)
Eat more FV than other people I know					0.16(<0.001)	0.16(<0.001)
Often encourage my family/friends to eat FV					0.02(0.33)	----
R2	0.02	0.06	0.21	0.25	0.32	0.31
R2 change	---	0.04	0.15

Abbreviations: FVs denotes “fruits and vegetables”; NH denotes “Non-Hispanic”.

^aScales that demonstrated good internal consistency (Tables 1 and 2) with Cronbach’s alpha ≥.68 were included in the regression analyses Single items that did not fit within a scale were also entered into the regression models.