Table 3.
Prevalence 10 years after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and HRs for psychiatric disorders by diabetes diagnosis cohort
| Prevalence, % (95% CI) | HR (95% CI)** | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1973–1986 |
1987–1996 |
1997–2009 |
1973–1986 |
1987–1996 |
1997–2009 |
|
| Any psychiatric disorder | 3.8 (3.0–4.8) | 8.8 (7.8–9.8) | 16.7 (15.4–18.1) | 2.7 (2.2–3.3) | 2.5 (2.3–2.8) | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) |
| Suicide attempt | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 1.6 (1.3–2.1) |
| Psychotic disorders | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 1.3 (0.3–5.1) | 0.7 (0.2–2.9) | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) |
| Mood disorders | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 3.4 (2.7–4.3) | 2.2 (1.0–5.2) | 2.0 (1.6–2.6) | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) |
| Anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, and somatoform disorders | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 2.0 (0.9–4.4) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) |
| Eating disorders | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 2.3 (1.1–4.7) | 2.2 (1.6–3.1) | 2.1 (1.7–2.8) |
| Substance misuse | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | 3.3 (2.7–4.0) | 4.5 (3.8–5.5) | 2.3 (1.6–3.3) | 3.0 (2.5–3.5) | 2.4 (2.1–2.8) |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 3.2 (2.7–3.9) | 1.0 (0.1–6.7) | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) |
| Other behavioral disorders | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 1.9 (1.5–2.5) | 4.5 (3.9–5.3) | 3.5 (2.3–5.2) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) |
| Autism spectrum disorders* | — | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | — | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) |
| Intellectual disability | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 2.2 (1.2–4.2) | 2.0 (1.4–2.9) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) |
*In ICD-8, autism spectrum disorders were classified as a schizophrenia in psychotic disorders.
**Multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for psychiatric disorders in children with type 1 diabetes when comparing with matched unexposed individuals. Multivariate Cox regression adjusted for socioeconomic factors (maternal/paternal age at childbirth, maternal/paternal psychiatric history, maternal/paternal country of birth, level of education of higher educated parent), perinatal variables (gestational age, birth weight, being born small for gestational age, being born large for gestational age, Apgar score), and history of psychiatric disorders prior to the recruitment.