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. 2014 Dec 17;3(6):e001044. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001044

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants and Hospital Characteristics in the Entire Sample and by Survival Status

Entire Sample N=91 658 No ROSC n=45500 ROSC n=46 158 P Value (ROSC vs No ROSC)
Patient‐level characteristics
CPR duration in minutes, median (IQR) 17 (18) 21 (17) 12 (15) <0.001
Male sex, n (%) 53 049 (58) 27 136 (60) 25 913 (56) <0.001
Age in years, mean±SD 66.5±15.8 67.1±16.1 66.0±15.4 <0.001
Black race, n (%) 18 496 (20) 9649 (21) 8847 (19) <0.001
Pre‐existing diagnoses, n (%)
Neurological 20 680 (23) 10 377 (23) 10 303 (22) 0.08
Cardiac 55 503 (61) 26 455 (58) 29 048 (63) <0.001
Pulmonary 45 232 (49) 22 210 (49) 23 022 (50) 0.001
Renal 32 741 (36) 15 642 (34) 17 099 (37) <0.001
Metastatic or hematologic malignancy 12 367 (13) 6809 (15) 5558 (12) <0.001
Prior cardiac arrest 1895 (2) 747 (2) 1148 (2) <0.001
Arrest location, n (%)
ICU 53 546 (58) 25 672 (56) 27 874 (60) <0.001
Monitored 19 382 (21) 9225 (20) 10 157 (22)
Unmonitored 18 730 (20) 10 603 (23) 8127 (18)
Initial rhythm, n (%)
VT/VF 17 551 (19) 6585 (14) 10 966 (24) <0.001
PEA 39 580 (43) 19 516 (43) 20 064 (43)
Asystole 34 527 (38) 19 399 (43) 15 128 (33)
Weekend, n (%) 29 633 (32) 15 200 (33) 14 433 (31) <0.001
Night, n (%) 32 448 (35) 17 298 (38) 15 150 (33) <0.001
Witnessed arrest, n (%) 72 688 (79) 34 595 (76) 38 093 (83) <0.001
Interventions present at time of arrest, n (%)
Mechanical/assisted ventilation 28 776 (31) 14 508 (32) 14 268 (31) 0.002
Invasive airway 28 609 (31) 14 233 (31) 14 376 (31) 0.66
Need to place an airway at time of arrest 48 386 (53) 24 367 (54) 24 019 (52) <0.001
Cause of event, n (%)
Cardiac 57 569 (63) 27 455 (60) 30 114 (65) <0.001
Respiratory 38 383 (42) 18 986 (42) 19 397 (42) 0.36
Neurological 871 (1) 386 (1) 485 (1) 0.002
Systemic/metabolic 41 486 (45) 21 083 (46) 20 403 (44) <0.001
Hospital‐level characteristics
Academic hospital, no. of events (%) 60 409 (66) 29 194 (64) 31 215 (68) <0.001
Urban hospital, no. of events (%) 86 346(94) 42 614 (94) 43 732 (95) <0.001
For‐profit hospital, no. of events (%) 10 484 (11) 5431 (12) 5053 (11) <0.001
High CPR volume*, no. of events (%) 79 985 (87) 39 016 (86) 41 969 (89) <0.001
Hospital size, no. of events (%)
Small (<250 beds) 19 243 (21) 10 473 (23) 8770 (19) <0.001
Medium (250 to 499 beds) 39 454 (43) 19 686 (43) 19 768 (43)
Large (≥500 beds) 32 961 (36) 15 341 (34) 17 620 (38)
Hospital location, no. of events (%)
Atlantic 37 816 (41) 19 489 (43) 18 327 (40) <0.001
North central 22 037 (24) 10 501 (23) 11 536 (25)
South central 16 898 (18) 8373 (18) 8525 (18)
Mountain–Pacific 14 907 (16) 7137 (16) 7770 (17)

CPR indicates cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation.

*

High CPR volume defined as cardiopulmonary arrest volume greater than median volume for the entire sample.