Table 1.
Entire Sample N=91 658 | No ROSC n=45500 | ROSC n=46 158 | P Value (ROSC vs No ROSC) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient‐level characteristics | ||||
CPR duration in minutes, median (IQR) | 17 (18) | 21 (17) | 12 (15) | <0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 53 049 (58) | 27 136 (60) | 25 913 (56) | <0.001 |
Age in years, mean±SD | 66.5±15.8 | 67.1±16.1 | 66.0±15.4 | <0.001 |
Black race, n (%) | 18 496 (20) | 9649 (21) | 8847 (19) | <0.001 |
Pre‐existing diagnoses, n (%) | ||||
Neurological | 20 680 (23) | 10 377 (23) | 10 303 (22) | 0.08 |
Cardiac | 55 503 (61) | 26 455 (58) | 29 048 (63) | <0.001 |
Pulmonary | 45 232 (49) | 22 210 (49) | 23 022 (50) | 0.001 |
Renal | 32 741 (36) | 15 642 (34) | 17 099 (37) | <0.001 |
Metastatic or hematologic malignancy | 12 367 (13) | 6809 (15) | 5558 (12) | <0.001 |
Prior cardiac arrest | 1895 (2) | 747 (2) | 1148 (2) | <0.001 |
Arrest location, n (%) | ||||
ICU | 53 546 (58) | 25 672 (56) | 27 874 (60) | <0.001 |
Monitored | 19 382 (21) | 9225 (20) | 10 157 (22) | |
Unmonitored | 18 730 (20) | 10 603 (23) | 8127 (18) | |
Initial rhythm, n (%) | ||||
VT/VF | 17 551 (19) | 6585 (14) | 10 966 (24) | <0.001 |
PEA | 39 580 (43) | 19 516 (43) | 20 064 (43) | |
Asystole | 34 527 (38) | 19 399 (43) | 15 128 (33) | |
Weekend, n (%) | 29 633 (32) | 15 200 (33) | 14 433 (31) | <0.001 |
Night, n (%) | 32 448 (35) | 17 298 (38) | 15 150 (33) | <0.001 |
Witnessed arrest, n (%) | 72 688 (79) | 34 595 (76) | 38 093 (83) | <0.001 |
Interventions present at time of arrest, n (%) | ||||
Mechanical/assisted ventilation | 28 776 (31) | 14 508 (32) | 14 268 (31) | 0.002 |
Invasive airway | 28 609 (31) | 14 233 (31) | 14 376 (31) | 0.66 |
Need to place an airway at time of arrest | 48 386 (53) | 24 367 (54) | 24 019 (52) | <0.001 |
Cause of event, n (%) | ||||
Cardiac | 57 569 (63) | 27 455 (60) | 30 114 (65) | <0.001 |
Respiratory | 38 383 (42) | 18 986 (42) | 19 397 (42) | 0.36 |
Neurological | 871 (1) | 386 (1) | 485 (1) | 0.002 |
Systemic/metabolic | 41 486 (45) | 21 083 (46) | 20 403 (44) | <0.001 |
Hospital‐level characteristics | ||||
Academic hospital, no. of events (%) | 60 409 (66) | 29 194 (64) | 31 215 (68) | <0.001 |
Urban hospital, no. of events (%) | 86 346(94) | 42 614 (94) | 43 732 (95) | <0.001 |
For‐profit hospital, no. of events (%) | 10 484 (11) | 5431 (12) | 5053 (11) | <0.001 |
High CPR volume*, no. of events (%) | 79 985 (87) | 39 016 (86) | 41 969 (89) | <0.001 |
Hospital size, no. of events (%) | ||||
Small (<250 beds) | 19 243 (21) | 10 473 (23) | 8770 (19) | <0.001 |
Medium (250 to 499 beds) | 39 454 (43) | 19 686 (43) | 19 768 (43) | |
Large (≥500 beds) | 32 961 (36) | 15 341 (34) | 17 620 (38) | |
Hospital location, no. of events (%) | ||||
Atlantic | 37 816 (41) | 19 489 (43) | 18 327 (40) | <0.001 |
North central | 22 037 (24) | 10 501 (23) | 11 536 (25) | |
South central | 16 898 (18) | 8373 (18) | 8525 (18) | |
Mountain–Pacific | 14 907 (16) | 7137 (16) | 7770 (17) |
CPR indicates cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation.
High CPR volume defined as cardiopulmonary arrest volume greater than median volume for the entire sample.