Table 2.

Selected Studies of Changes in Case‐Fatality Rates for Hospitalizations for Myocardial Infarction or Incident Coronary Heart Disease in the United States

Reference	Study	CHD Event	Period	Changes in Case‐Fatality Rate (%)
				In‐Hospital	28‐Day	30‐Day	3‐Months	1‐Year	2‐Year	3‐Year	5‐Year
Elveback7	Rochester, MN	Incident MI	1965–1969 to 1970–1975			18.0 to 9.3					40.0 to 34.0
Gillum23	Minnesota Heart Survey	Any MI	1970–1980	Men: 16.7 to 11.9
				Women: 16.6 to 12.2
Pell24	Du Pont Company	Incident MI	1957–1959			30.4
			1972–1974			34.8
			1981–1983			24.3
Goldberg25	Worcester Heart Attack Study	Any MI hospitalization	1975–1984	22.2 to 15.1
		Incident MI	1975–1984	20.1 to 12.6
Reed9	Honolulu Heart Program	Incident CHD	1966–1985			↑					↑
Keil26	Pee Dee, SC	Any MI	1978–1985	Total: 14 to 9.9
				WM: 12.3 to 7.4
				WW: 20.0 to 7.0
				BM: 17.7 to 17.4
				BW: 9.1 to 29.4
McGovern18	Minnesota Heart Survey	Incident MI hospitalization	1985–1990		Men: 13 to 10					Men: 21 to 18
					Women: 15 to 12					Women: 29 to 24
Rosamond11	Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study	Any MI hospitalization	1987–1994		Men: 4.1%/y ↓
					BM: 2% ↑
					WM: 5.1% ↓
					Women: 9.8%/y ↓
					BW: 3.1% ↓
					WW: 12.1% ↓
Goldberg27	Worcester Heart Attack Study	Incident MI hospitalization	1975–1978	17.8				12.0*	17.0*		31.0
			1981–1984	14.9				13.0*	19.0*		32.0
			1986–1988	17.0				10.0*	16.0*		29.0
			1990–1991	13.2				13.0*	19.0*		31.0
			1993–1995	11.7				11.0*	17.0*		―
Ergin28	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I EFS	Incident CHD	1971–1982		Total: 23.4; WM: 27.2; WW: 15.3; BM: 39.2; BW: 26.5
			1982–1992		Total: 16.6; WM: 19.0; WW: 14.2; BM: 10.8; BW: 16.6
Peterson29	National Registry of Myocardial Infarction	Any MI hospitalization	1990–2006	10.4 to 6.3
		Any STEMI		11.5 to 8.0
		Any NSTEMI		7.1 to 5.2
Wellenius30	Medicare beneficiaries	Any MI hospitalization	1984–2003	WM: 22.7 to 10.1		WM: 25.2 to 14.3		WM: 40.3 to 28.7
				WW: 23.1 to 10.3		WW: 25.2 to 14.4		WW: 39.3 to 28.8
				BM: 18.6 to 11.2		BM: 20.9 to 15.5		BM: 37.2 to 34.8
				BW: 20.0 to 11.2		BW: 21.6 to 15.1		BW: 38.5 to 33.8
Parikh31	Framingham Heart Study, Framingham Heart Study Offspring	Incident MI	1960–1969 to 1990–1999			73.0 ↓		65.0 ↓			64.0 ↓
		Incident MI‐ECG				62.0 ↓		58.0 ↓			64.0 ↓
		Incident MI‐marker				78.0 ↓		69.0 ↓			55.0 ↓
Floyd32	Worcester Heart Attack Study	Incident MI hospitalization	1975–2005	19.5 to 9.5
Fang20	National Hospital Discharge Survey	Any MI hospitalization	1979–1981 to 2003–2005	17.8 to 8
Yeh33	Kaiser Permanente Northern California	Incident MI hospitalization	1999–2008			10.5 to 7.8
		Incident NSTEMI hospitalization				10.0 to 7.6
Roger34	Olmsted County, MN	Incident MI hospitalization	1987–2006			−4.3%/y
McManus35	Worcester Heart Attack Study	Any STEMI hospitalization	1997	11.1		13.2		10.6*
			1999	9.9		13.0		14.0*
			2001	13.5		15.8		15.4*
			2003	8.4		10.0		8.3*
			2005	9.7		11.4		8.4*
		Any NSTEMI hospitalization	1997	12.9		16.0		23.1*
			1999	13.1		17.0		27.6*
			2001	10.9		16.5		26.1*
			2003	8.9		13.7		25.6*
			2005	9.5		14.0		18.7*
Nguyen36	Worcester Heart Attack Study	Any MI hospitalization	1986–1988 to 2003–2005	Men, <65 years: 7.1 to 2.2 Women, <65 years: 9.6 to 5.3
				Men, age 65 to 74 years: 14.3 to 8.2 Women, age 65 to 74 years: 19.6 to 11.5
				Men ≥75 years: 30.2 to 13.3 Women ≥75 years: 29.6 to 12.6
Coles37	Worcester Heart Attack Study	Incident MI	2001–2007				11.1 to 7.9*	17.1 to 12.7*	25.6 to 18.6*
Rosamond38	Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study	Incident MI hospitalizations	1987–2008		Men: 3.4%/y ↓, WM: 3.5%/y ↓, BM: 3.4% ↓, Women: 2.9% ↓, WW: 3.0%/y ↓, BW: 2.6% ↓

BM indicates black men; BW, black women; CHD, coronary heart disease; ECG, electrocardiogram; NSTEMI, non‐ST‐segment myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction; WM, white men; WW, white women.

^*Post‐discharge.