Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 6459 Participants in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
| Covariate | All | PTH <65 pg/mL | PTH ≥65 pg/mL | 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL | 25(OH)D 20 to <30 ng/mL | 25(OH)D ≥30 ng/mL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 6459 | 5684 | 775 | 2112 | 2237 | 2110 |
| Age, y | 62.1 (10.3) | 61.9 (10.3) | 64.3 (10.1) | 60.6 (10.1) | 62.4 (10.3) | 63.4 (10.2) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 3446 (53.4) | 2986 (52.5) | 460 (59.4) | 1175 (55.6) | 1112 (49.7) | 1159 (54.9) |
| Male | 3013 (46.6) | 2698 (47.5) | 315 (40.6) | 937 (44.4) | 1125 (50.3) | 951 (45.1) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 2505 (38.8) | 2319 (40.8) | 186 (24.0) | 421 (19.9) | 862 (38.5) | 1222 (57.9) |
| Chinese American | 785 (12.2) | 747 (13.1) | 38 (4.9) | 160 (7.6) | 355 (15.9) | 270 (12.8) |
| Black | 1758 (27.2) | 1424 (25.1) | 334 (43.1) | 1068 (50.6) | 472 (21.1) | 218 (10.3) |
| Hispanic | 1411 (21.8) | 1194 (21.0) | 217 (28.0) | 463 (21.9) | 548 (24.5) | 400 (19.0) |
| Site | ||||||
| Wake Forest | 969 (15.0) | 843 (14.8) | 126 (16.3) | 342 (16.2) | 301 (13.5) | 326 (15.5) |
| Columbia | 1014 (15.7) | 828 (14.6) | 186 (24.0) | 416 (19.7) | 327 (14.6) | 271 (12.8) |
| Johns Hopkins | 1036 (16.0) | 908 (16.0) | 128 (16.5) | 417 (19.7) | 330 (14.8) | 289 (13.7) |
| Minnesota | 1029 (15.9) | 933 (16.4) | 96 (12.4) | 305 (14.4) | 337 (15.1) | 387 (18.3) |
| Northwestern | 1138 (17.6) | 1034 (18.2) | 104 (13.4) | 381 (18.0) | 390 (17.4) | 367 (17.4) |
| UCLA | 1273 (19.7) | 1138 (20.0) | 135 (17.4) | 251 (11.9) | 552 (24.7) | 470 (22.3) |
| Height, cm | 166.3 (10.0) | 166.4 (10.0) | 165.5 (10.0) | 166.4 (9.8) | 166.4 (10.1) | 166 (10.1) |
| Weight, lb | 172.9 (38.1) | 171.1 (37.1) | 185.6 (42.5) | 183.8 (39.7) | 172 (36.9) | 162.8 (34.6) |
| Highest level of education completed | ||||||
| High school | 2317 (35.9) | 2008 (35.3) | 309 (39.9) | 777 (36.8) | 812 (36.3) | 728 (34.5) |
| Some college/technical school | 1836 (28.4) | 1609 (28.3) | 227 (29.3) | 660 (31.2) | 619 (27.7) | 557 (26.4) |
| College graduate | 2287 (35.4) | 2053 (36.1) | 234 (30.2) | 667 (31.6) | 799 (35.7) | 821 (38.9) |
| Total gross family income, $ | ||||||
| <20 000 | 1491 (23.1) | 1289 (22.7) | 202 (26.1) | 513 (24.3) | 539 (24.1) | 439 (20.8) |
| 20 000 to 49 999 | 2260 (35.0) | 1953 (34.4) | 307 (39.6) | 764 (36.2) | 778 (34.8) | 718 (34.0) |
| ≥50 000 | 2463 (38.1) | 2237 (39.4) | 226 (29.2) | 719 (34.0) | 845 (37.8) | 899 (42.6) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 3263 (50.5) | 2846 (50.1) | 417 (53.8) | 1025 (48.5) | 1186 (53.0) | 1052 (49.9) |
| Former | 2343 (36.3) | 2069 (36.4) | 274 (35.4) | 709 (33.6) | 794 (35.5) | 840 (39.8) |
| Current | 835 (12.9) | 756 (13.3) | 79 (10.2) | 370 (17.5) | 251 (11.2) | 214 (10.1) |
| Median physical activity, met min/wk | 840 (105.0 to 2032.5) | 840 (157.5 to 2100.0) | 630 (0.0 to 1582.5) | 630 (0.0 to 1680.0) | 787.5 (105.0 to 1888.1) | 1125 (330.0 to 2435.6) |
| Nutritional vitamin D intake, µg/day | 4.4 (3.8) | 4.4 (3.8) | 4.2 (4.0) | 4.0 (3.6) | 4.5 (3.9) | 4.7 (3.8) |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Normal | 4755 (73.6) | 4240 (74.6) | 515 (66.5) | 1440 (68.2) | 1598 (71.4) | 1717 (81.4) |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 897 (13.9) | 754 (13.3) | 143 (18.5) | 352 (16.7) | 320 (14.3) | 225 (10.7) |
| Untreated diabetes | 170 (2.6) | 145 (2.6) | 25 (3.2) | 63 (3.0) | 76 (3.4) | 31 (1.5) |
| Treated diabetes | 631 (9.8) | 539 (9.5) | 92 (11.9) | 254 (12.0) | 242 (10.8) | 135 (6.4) |
| LDL, mg/dL | 117.0 (31.4) | 117.3 (31.0) | 114.4 (33.8) | 117.5 (33.0) | 117.5 (31.2) | 115.9 (29.9) |
| HDL, mg/dL | 51.1 (14.9) | 51.1 (14.9) | 50.9 (14.9) | 50.0 (14.3) | 49.7 (14.3) | 53.7 (15.7) |
| Mean triglycerides, mg/dL | 131.7 (89.4) | 132.2 (89.6) | 127.6 (88.0) | 124.7 (82.8) | 139.7 (105.3) | 130.0 (75.9) |
| Median triglycerides, mg/dL | 111 (77.0 to 161.0) | 112 (78.0 to 162.0) | 107 (77.0 to 153.8) | 104 (74.0 to 152.0) | 117 (83.0 to 170.0) | 112 (78.0 to 160.0) |
| Any lipid‐lowering medication | ||||||
| No | 5410 (83.8) | 4790 (84.3) | 620 (80.0) | 1812 (85.8) | 1859 (83.1) | 1739 (82.4) |
| Yes | 1046 (16.2) | 892 (15.7) | 154 (19.9) | 298 (14.1) | 378 (16.9) | 370 (17.5) |
| eGFR mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 78.2 (16.3) | 78.7 (15.6) | 74.2 (20.0) | 81.8 (17.1) | 78.3 (15.7) | 74.3 (15.1) |
| Mean albumin/creatinine ratio | 25.5 (150.8) | 21.2 (109.4) | 57.5 (318.3) | 28.7 (175.9) | 29.0 (173.5) | 18.7 (81.9) |
| Median albumin/creatinine ratio | 5.3 (3.3 to 11.0) | 5.1 (3.3 to 10.3) | 7.7 (4.3 to 18.8) | 5.8 (3.5 to 12.4) | 5.4 (3.3 to 11.6) | 4.9 (3.2 to 9.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 126.5 (21.5) | 125.4 (21.0) | 134.8 (23.4) | 128.5 (22.0) | 126.2 (21.5) | 124.8 (20.9) |
| Any hypertensive medication | ||||||
| No | 4081 (63.2) | 3690 (64.9) | 391 (50.5) | 1284 (60.8) | 1410 (63.0) | 1387 (65.7) |
| Yes | 2375 (36.8) | 1992 (35.0) | 383 (49.4) | 826 (39.1) | 827 (37.0) | 722 (34.2) |
| Serum calcium, mg/dL | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.7 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.5) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.7 (0.4) |
| Serum phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) |
| Mean FGF‐23, pg/mL | 40.3 (18.5) | 39.9 (17.4) | 43.3 (24.9) | 38.4 (17.5) | 40.6 (18.0) | 41.9 (19.7) |
| Median FGF‐23, pg/mL | 37.7 (30.5 to 46.4) | 37.4 (30.3 to 46.2) | 39.4 (31.4 to 49.0) | 36.5 (29.0 to 44.7) | 37.6 (30.7 to 46.5) | 38.8 (31.7 to 48.6) |
| Parathyroid hormone, pg/mL | 44.8 (21.8) | 39.1 (12.0) | 86.2 (31.1) | 52.7 (24.1) | 44.1 (22.8) | 37.5 (14.4) |
| Annualized 25(OH)D, ng/mL | 25.7 (11.2) | 26.6 (11.2) | 19.5 (9.5) | 14.3 (3.8) | 25.0 (2.9) | 38.0 (9.1) |
Mean (SD) for continuous covariates; N (%) for categorical covariates; median (IQR), where noted. CKD indicates chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; PTH, parathyroid hormone.