TABLE 5.

Multivariate-Adjusted Associations of MRI Findings with Cognition and Gait

Variable	Outcome
	MoCA Scorea	DSST Scorea	Timed Up and Gob
MRI cerebrovascular disease
Silent brain infarct, present vs absent	−0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) p = 0.76	−3.0 (−6.6 to 0.6) p = 0.10	0.8 (0.2 to 1.3) p = 0.005c
Cerebral microbleeds, present vs absent	−0.4 (−1.1 to 0.3) p = 0.27	0.2 (−4.3 to 4.7) p = 0.94	0.3 (−0.4 to 1.0) p = 0.39
WMH, per additional 1 cm3	−0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) p = 0.20	−0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) p = 0.01c	0.09 (0.04 to 0.13) p < 0.001c
Brain volumes
Cortical gray matter, per 10 cm3 decrease	−0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) p = 0.07	−0.3 (−0.7 to 0.1) p = 0.16	0.07 (0.02 to 0.13) p = 0.01c
White matter volume, per 10 cm3 decrease	0.007 (−0.04 to 0.05) p = 0.77	−0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) p = 0.008c	0.04 (−0.003 to 0.09) p = 0.07
Prefrontal cortex volume, per 5 cm3 decrease	0.003 (−0.02 to 0.02) p = 0.75	−0.3 (−1.0 to 0.3) p = 0.27	0.12 (0.03 to 0.21) p = 0.01c
Basal ganglia volume, per 1 cm3 decrease	0.002 (−0.09 to 0.1) p = 0.95	0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8) p = 0.52	−0.02 (−0.11 to 0.06) p = 0.59
Cerebellum volume, per 5 cm3 decrease	−0.01 (−0.07 to 0.05) p = 0.75	0.02 (−0.4 to 0.4) p = 0.91	0.04 (−0.02 to 0.10) p = 0.22

Estimates are from separate linear mixed models. All models are adjusted for age (continuous linear relationship) and sex; models of cognitive outcomes (MoCA, DSST) are additionally adjusted for education (college/university vs no college/university), and the model for timed up and go test is adjusted for height. Additionally, brain volume differences are adjusted for intracranial volume (see Subjects and Methods).

The numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence limits.

^aLower scores indicate worse performance.

^bMore seconds indicates longer times to travel a fixed distance—that is, slower gait speed.

^cStatistically significant.

DSST = Digit Symbol Substitution Test; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; WMH = white matter hyperintensity.